QUICK NOTESMongabay, a leading resource for news and perspectives on environmental and conservation issues related to the tropics, has launched Tropical Conservation Science - a new, open access academic e-journal. It will cover a wide variety of scientific and social studies on tropical ecosystems, their biodiversity and the threats posed to them. Tropical Conservation Science - March 8, 2008.At the 148th Meeting of the OPEC Conference, the oil exporting cartel decided to leave its production level unchanged, sending crude prices spiralling to new records (above $104). OPEC "observed that the market is well-supplied, with current commercial oil stocks standing above their five-year average. The Conference further noted, with concern, that the current price environment does not reflect market fundamentals, as crude oil prices are being strongly influenced by the weakness in the US dollar, rising inflation and significant flow of funds into the commodities market." OPEC - March 5, 2008. Kyushu University (Japan) is establishing what it says will be the world’s first graduate program in hydrogen energy technologies. The new master’s program for hydrogen engineering is to be offered at the university’s new Ito campus in Fukuoka Prefecture. Lectures will cover such topics as hydrogen energy and developing the fuel cells needed to convert hydrogen into heat or electricity. Of all the renewable pathways to produce hydrogen, bio-hydrogen based on the gasification of biomass is by far both the most efficient, cost-effective and cleanest. Fuel Cell Works - March 3, 2008. An entrepreneur in Ivory Coast has developed a project to establish a network of Miscanthus giganteus farms aimed at producing biomass for use in power generation. In a first phase, the goal is to grow the crop on 200 hectares, after which expansion will start. The project is in an advanced stage, but the entrepreneur still seeks partners and investors. The plantation is to be located in an agro-ecological zone qualified as highly suitable for the grass species. Contact us - March 3, 2008. A 7.1MW biomass power plant to be built on the Haiwaiian island of Kaua‘i has received approval from the local Planning Commission. The plant, owned and operated by Green Energy Hawaii, will use albizia trees, a hardy species that grows in poor soil on rainfall alone. The renewable power plant will meet 10 percent of the island's energy needs. Kauai World - February 27, 2008. |
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- Researchers at the Taiwan Forestry Research Institute (TFRI) and North Carolina State University in the U.S. have developed genetically modified Eucalyptus trees that store far more carbon dioxide and contain less lignin. - Biopact Sept. 17, 2007
- The International Eucalyptus Genome Consortium's sequencing effort has been taken up as a project under the U.S. Dept. of Energy's Joint Genome Project for the year 2008. - Biopact June 12, 2007
- Brazilian state of Acre intends to make cattle ranchers reforest land which they have cleared for grazing. The sustainable forestry policy is based on replanting economic tree crops such as mahogany, acai, Brazil nut and palms - BBCNews Sept. 27, 2006
- Illegal deforestation of acacia for charcoal is becoming a serious problem in Kenya's Naivasha area. Nobel Peace Prize laureate Wangari Maathai's Green Belt Movement re-afforests with acacia but needs more support to win fight against illegal loggers - Kenya Times Sept. 5, 2006
- Australian scientists are conducting a 'time-machine' experiment to see how eucalyptus trees cope with increased levels of CO2 and global warming. - University of Western Sydney Aug. 28, 2006
- International research effort underway to sequence cassava genome, which may result in increased starch yields - USDA Agricultural Research Service - Aug. 30, 2006
- Cassava has one of the highest rates of CO2 fixation and sucrose synthesis for any C3 plant. With this in mind, researchers from Ohio State University develop transgenic cassava with starch yields up 2.6 times higher than normal plants by increasing the sink strength for carbohydrate in the crop. This means cassava makes for a 'super crop' when it comes to both CO2 fixation and carbohydrate production, i.e. sugars, the feedstock for ethanol - Plant Biotechnology Journal - Volume 4/Issue 4 - July 2006
- Vietnam's Institute of Tropical Biology to invest in Jatropha research - Le courrier du Vietnam - Sept. 6, 2006
- Genetic study proves humans have pushed orangutans to the brink of extinction; genetic decline coincides with establishment of oil palm plantations in Malaysia/Indonesia since the 1950/60s- Public Library of Science / Biology, Volume 4/Issue 2 - February, 2006
- Synthetic Genomics and the Asiatic Centre for Genome Technology Sdn Bhd (ACGT) have created a multi-year research and development joint venture to sequence and analyze the oil palm genome. In-depth genomic analyses will be followed by subsequent studies that will analyze the oil palm’s root and leaf microbial communities, to identify biomarkers and metabolic pathways that affect the plant's growth and viability. Biopact - July, 2007
- Researchers at the International Institute for the Semi-Arid Tropics have developed a sweet sorghum for the production of ethanol. The new variety has a very high sugar content in its root. Average yields in trial fields in the Philippines were between 95 to 125 tons, considerably higher than those of sugarcane - ICRISAT - Feb. 28, 2007
- Sokoine University of Agriculture, Tanzania, develops sorghum and millet processing technologies suitable for local conditions in effort to empower small farmers - IPP Media - Sept. 6, 2006
- South Africa blocks GM Sorghum project for fears over contamination of local wild sorghums - Kruger Park - Aug. 26, 2006
- Brazilian authorities have given their fiat for field trials with genetically modified sugar cane plants. The Centro de Tecnologia Canavieira (Cane Technology Center - CTC) will test three genetically modified varieties that are expected to yield 15% more sugar - GMO Compass
- Bamboo planting can slow deforestation, scientists from the International Center for Research in Agroforestry in Nairobi, Kenya, say. Bamboo rapidly becoming economically beneficial crop with large potential for energy, bioremediation, and afforestation - Chosun (S.Korea) Aug. 30, 2006
- "The beauty of miscanthus is that you only have to sow it once...Because of the way it grows, there is no need for fertilisers or chemicals", an English entrepreneur talks about his experience with Miscanthus as an energy crop - Grantham Today Aug. 8, 2006
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Monday, June 16, 2008
The bioeconomy at work: coats of cellulose from bacteria yield greener, stronger natural composites
Oil equals waste
The enormous success of composites in our world is due to their specific mechanical properties, based on a strong interaction between the different components and their durability. However, it is usually impossible (or at least very difficult) to separate the different components again and, therefore, to recycle the composites, which generates severe end-of-life disposal problems.
Landfill, through which 98% of composite waste is disposed of will become prohibitively costly through the new European waste legislation in most European Union (EU) member states. The EU end-of-life vehicles directive, applying to all passenger cars and light commercial motor vehicles, will allow only an incineration quota of 5% for disused cars by 2015. Another EU legislation, the Waste Electrical and Electronic Equipment (WEEE) Directive, also affects composite and polymer manufacturers by forcing them to provide for recycling of their products.
As a result of these new legislations, both manufacturers and end-users will need to move away from traditional materials and will require new strategies for environmentally and economically viable materials. Truly green biodegradable composites made entirely from renewable agricultural resources could offer a unique alternative to address these issues for materials used in low load bearing applications.
Renewable composites
A broad range of renewable or partially renewable polymers, such as cellulose acetate butyrate (CAB), polylactic acid (PLA), or Dupont’s Sorona, is now commercially available. Alternative fillers such as natural fibers have already been explored for certain applications. Advantages of natural fibers are their low cost, low density, abundance, renewability, and (potentially their) biodegradability. They also display high specific stiffness and strength as well as acoustic and thermal insulation properties due to their hollow and cellular nature.
Their drawbacks of these biocomposites arise mainly due to their inconsistency in their dimensions and mechanical properties, their water sensitivity, and their low compatibility with many hydrophobic polymeric matrices. Bad or no adhesion at the interface between the two components will lead to a composite with poor mechanical properties because the stress transfer to the reinforcing phase through the matrix phase will not be effective.
To improve the interaction between natural fibers and the matrix, it is necessary to modify the natural fibers or the biobased polymers to compatibilize them, which is required for the design of truly green composites that can compete with conventional composite materials, such as glass fiber reinforced polypropylene. Chemical modifications such as silanization of natural fibers or anhydride grafting of biobased polymers have been studied and found to lead to increased composite properties. However, these modifications affect the green image of the final composites.
Microbes and microfibrils
In the new study, Alexander Bismarck and colleagues describe a new, clean way to overcome the problem, by using a bacterium - Acetobacter xylinum - to deposit cellulose microfibrils on the fibers, as a green reinforcing agent for the design of nanocomposites. They put sisal (more here) and hemp fibers in bacterial fermenters, and let the microorganisms produce the nanosized cellulose fibrils while they grow on the larger fibers (images, click to enlarge).
Cellulose microfibrils can be extracted from wood or many other plant-based materials, but pulping and bleaching processes are not environmentally friendly. Cellulose whiskers can also be extracted from tunicate, a sea animal. Bacterial or microbial cellulose is produced by certain bacteria belonging to the genera Acetobacter, Agrobacterium, Alcaligenes, Pseudomonas, Rhizobium, or Sarcina, the most efficient producer of bacterial cellulose being Acetobacter xylinum.
This microbe, an obligate aerobe, produces extracellular cellulose microfibrils to provide a firm matrix that floats and, therefore, allows the embedded bacteria to stay in close contact with the atmosphere. The produced cellulose pellicles play a great role in promoting colonisation of the cells on the substrate and provide protection against competitors. Cellulose pellicles were also observed to protect Acetobacter xylinum cells from UV light:
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The elastic modulus of single bacterial cellulose fibril is much higher than those of natural fibers and is in the same order as that of glass fibers. This makes bacterial cellulose a very promising green nanoreinforcement. Moreover, the very good mechanical properties obtained for some cellulose-reinforced renewable nanocomposites prompt the scientists to assume that the interfacial adhesion between bacterial cellulose and renewable polymers should be good.
Inspired by nature, creating very complex hierarchical structures by assembly of molecules of different sizes where high mechanical resistance is needed, such as in plant cell walls, animal shells, and bones, the scientists thus propose an alternative way of modifying natural fiber surface.
They produced a hierarchical structure by cultivating cellulose-producing bacteria in presence of natural fibers, which resulted in significant coverage of the fiber surfaces by bacterial cellulose. This green modification is aimed at improving the interfacial adhesion to biobased polymers and might lead to truly green fiber reinforced hierarchical nanocomposites with enhanced properties and much better durability.
The researchers coated hemp and sisal fibers with the nano-sized particles of bacterial cellulose through a special fermentation process. The coated sisal fibers showed much better adhesion properties than the original fibers without losing their mechanical properties, ideal properties for their use in composites, the researchers say. The modified hemp fibers also had improved adhesion properties but showed a loss of strength.
Land use efficiency
Research into renewable composites is speeding ahead, and opening a new debate on which way we best use a given supply of biomass. There are many bioconversion options, from the production of energy in solid, liquid or gaseous form, to the production of biochar for CO2-sequestration in soils, or to the production of renewable materials like biocomposites and bioplastics.
Recent research shows that growing biomass for the production of bulk chemicals (for the manufacture of biopolymers and bioplastics) as alternatives to oil based polymers, may in some cases be a more efficient way to reduce carbon emissions than using that land for the production of biomass for energy (previous post). And as researchers succeed in making natural composites and plastics more durable so they can compete with oil based rivals, this debate gets ever more relevant.
Image 1: Photographs of sisal fibers before and after 2 days of bacterial culture. Courtesy ACS Biomacromolecules.
Image 2: SEM micrographs of sisal fiber surfaces: (a) natural sisal fiber; (b) sisal fiber to which bacterial cellulose was attached; (c) acetone-treated sisal fiber after bacterial cellulose modification. Courtesy ACS Biomacromolecules.
References:
Marion Pommet, Julasak Juntaro, Jerry Y. Y. Heng, Athanasios Mantalaris, Adam F. Lee, Karen Wilson, Gerhard Kalinka, Milo S. P. Shaffer, and Alexander Bismarck, "Surface Modification of Natural Fibers Using Bacteria: Depositing Bacterial Cellulose onto Natural Fibers To Create Hierarchical Fiber Reinforced Nanocomposites", Biomacromolecules, 9 (6), 1643–1651, 2008, DOI: 10.1021/bm800169g.
Biopact: Researchers find bio-based bulk chemicals could save up to 1 billion tonnes of CO2 - December 17, 2007
Biopact: The bioeconomy at work: oil crisis boosts African sisal industry -December 18, 2006
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