- The Kavango Zambezi Transfrontier Conservation Area (KAZA TFCA) is the largest transboundary terrestrial conservation area in the world – spanning five countries in southern Africa, it is home to Africa’s largest savanna elephant population.
- A 2022 survey of KAZA’s elephants revealed an estimated 227,900 individuals, but their movement is increasingly blocked by fences and human settlements, pointing to the need for better habitat connections and corridors.
- “Now that KAZA’s elephants have been counted, the landscape’s key wildlife areas must be connected, so that elephants and other species can be better conserved,” a new op-ed states.
- This post is a commentary. The views expressed are those of the authors, not necessarily Mongabay.
In the more than 10 years since Angola, Botswana, Namibia, Zambia, and Zimbabwe signed a 2011 treaty to create the Kavango Zambezi (KAZA) Transfrontier Conservation Area – the world’s largest transboundary terrestrial conservation area – much has been accomplished. Much also remains to be done.
The 2022 KAZA Elephant Survey was a remarkable achievement. It was the first time that Africa’s largest savanna elephant population was surveyed in a fully coordinated and synchronized manner, setting a new benchmark for aerial surveys for which the KAZA Secretariat and partner states deserve much praise; this was truly a major milestone in collaborative management of a globally unique wildlife resource.
KAZA’s elephant population was estimated to be 227,900 (±95% CL 16,743), representing the majority of what’s left of Africa’s elephants. The survey also noted relatively high carcass ratios suggestive of elevated mortality, warranting further investigation as a potential warning sign for the health and stability of this globally important elephant population. Quantifying a wildlife population like this (and understanding its distribution in both space and time) is necessary to inform its management. But counting does not automatically lead to positive conservation outcomes.
Many refer to KAZA’s elephants as a metapopulation, as one contiguous group of animals. But that characterization is increasingly misleading, as visible habitat fragmentation continues to take its toll. The habitat corridors that elephants and other species need to access water, food, minerals, and breeding opportunities across the vast KAZA landscape at different times of year are being increasingly blocked by expanding human settlements and activities like agriculture, as well as by linear infrastructure including roads and veterinary cordon fencing.
The recently published KAZA elephant policy brief — in its own right a groundbreaking, multi-year collaborative effort involving dozens of governmental and nongovernmental institutions across KAZA — provides multiple recommendations on how connectivity among KAZA’s elephants might be achieved. Foremost amongst these is addressing veterinary cordon fencing, the erection of which began in the late 1950s to separate livestock from wildlife due to animal disease concerns. These fences are demonstrably obstructing critical elephant movements, and we urge the KAZA partner states to take advantage of new, internationally approved approaches for managing beef production that no longer depend upon the separation of livestock from wildlife with vast, environmentally damaging fences.
See related: How cattle and wildlife compete in southern Africa
In 2011, Angola, Botswana, Namibia, Zambia, and Zimbabwe made an ambitious commitment to create KAZA and harness conservation as a regional economic driver, to sustainably benefit communities and governments alike. Now that KAZA’s elephants have been counted, the landscape’s key wildlife areas must be connected, so that elephants and other species can be better conserved. A regional revisiting of veterinary fencing policy, with its roots in European colonial rule and as perpetuated to this day by European countries importing southern African beef, is overdue. A collective investment in earnest stewardship of natural resources, including wildlife as well as grazing lands of critical importance to wild and domestic animals, must thus be made by all sectoral stakeholders dependent on southern Africa’s precious land-base.
There is now, for the first time in several generations, an opportunity to find ways to optimize land-use choices in the interest of system resilience and diversified livelihood opportunities. Neither the livestock nor wildlife sectors should seek to dominate the other. Instead, it is time to make land-use decisions that will be socially, ecologically and economically sustainable for generations to come.
Russell Taylor, Robin Naidoo, Lisa Steel, and Michael Knight work for the World Wildlife Fund (WWF), and Steven A. Osofsky is a professor of wildlife health & health policy and director of the Animal & Human Health for the Environment And Development (AHEAD) program at Cornell University.
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Banner image: A group of elephants observed during the 2022 KAZA aerial survey. Photo courtesy of Dylan Blew and Ty-Mason James/KAZA Elephant Survey.
See Mongabay’s previous coverage of KAZA here:
Breaking down barriers: Cattle and wildlife compete in Southern Africa
Citations:
Bussière EMS, Potgieter D (2023) KAZA Elephant Survey 2022, Volume I: Results and Technical Report, KAZA TFCA Secretariat, Kasane, Botswana. https://www.kavangozambezi.org/publications-2/
Osofsky SA, Taylor RD (2021) Piecing Together an African Peace Park. Science 373 (6557): https://wildlife.cornell.edu/sites/default/files/2021-08/SciPiecingTogether_081921.pdf
KAZA Elephant Sub Working Group (2023) Policy Brief: Elephant Movements and Connectivity in the Kavango Zambezi Transfrontier Area (KAZA TFCA): https://www.kavangozambezi.org/publications-2/
Naidoo R, Beytell P, Brennan A, Kilian W, McCulloch G, Stronza A, Taylor R, Tsholofelo C, Songhurst A (2022) Challenges to Elephant Connectivity from Border Fences in the World’s Largest Transfrontier Conservation Area. Frontiers in Conservation Science (3): https://doi.org/10.3389/fcosc.2022.788133
SADC, AHEAD (2021) Guidelines on Commodity-Based Trade Approaches for Managing Foot and Mouth Disease Risk in Beef in the SADC Region, 4th Edition. Southern African Development Community, Animal & Human Health for the Environment And Development, Gaborone, Botswana & New York, USA. ISBN: 978-99968-919-2-2: https://www.sadc.int/document/guidelines-commodity-based-trade-approaches-managing-foot-and-mouth-disease-risk-beef-sadc
Osofsky SA (2019) The Global Burden of (How We Manage) Animal Disease: Learning
Lessons from Southern Africa. Journal of Wildlife Diseases 55 (4): https://doi.org/10.7589/2019-01-024
