Europe’s biofuel push could exacerbate climate change unless policies are in place to accounts for emissions from indirect land use change, warns a letter signed by more than 100 scientists and economists.
The letter, addressed to the European Commission, says the E.U. is deceiving itself and the public by asserting that biofuels are carbon neutral.
“There are uncertainties inherent in estimating the magnitude of indirect land use emissions from biofuels, but a policy that implicitly or explicitly assigns a value of zero is clearly not supported by the science,” states the letter, which is signed by experts from the World Bank, the Union of Concerned Scientists, and a wide array of academic institutions, among others. “All the studies of land use change indicate that the emissions related to biofuels expansion are significant and can be quite large.”
 A study published in Science in February 2007 showed the production of some biofuels can result in emissions greater than those from fossil fuels. The analysis looked at the lifecycle emissions from various biofuel feedstocks and presented the results as a “carbon debt” ranking. Chart modified from Science |
The letter goes on to cite research showing that conventional biofuels derived from feedstocks like rapeseed, corn, and palm oil can “directly or indirectly result in substantial greenhouse gas emissions through the conversion of forests and grasslands to croplands or pasture to accommodate biofuel production.”
The letter says the E.U.’s current greenhouse gas emissions accounting standard is “flawed” and requires “immediate action”.
“Without addressing land use change, the European Union’s target for renewable energy in transport may fail to deliver genuine carbon savings in the real world. It could end up as merely an exercise on paper that promotes widespread deforestation and higher food prices.”
The letter is published in its entirety below.
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A letter to the European Commission:
International Scientists and Economists Statement on Biofuels and Land Use
As scientists and economists involved in the field of climate, energy, and land use, we are writing to you to
recommend that policies recognize and account for indirect land use change as a part of the lifecycle
analyses of greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions from biofuels. This will encourage development of sustainable,
low-carbon fuels that avoid conflict with food production and minimize harmful environmental impacts.
Our comments are relevant to your deliberations on indirect land use change emissions in the context of
the Renewable Energy and Fuel Quality Directives. For policies like these to successfully reduce GHG
emissions, it is critical to include all major sources of emissions, including those associated with changes in
land use.
Peer-reviewed research over the last several years, including studies commissioned by the European
Commission, indicates that conventional biofuels can directly or indirectly result in substantial GHG
emissions through the conversion of forests and grasslands to croplands or pasture to accommodate
biofuel production. Increased demand for crops to make fuel results in higher global commodity prices that
can induce farmers in other countries to plow up new ground, including sensitive, high-carbon ecosystems
such as tropical forests in South America and Southeast Asia or peatland in Southeast Asia. The conditions
for this to occur are not relegated to the future, but are already in place. The Directives do not currently
account for these emissions in their lifecycle analysis or elsewhere, giving biofuels credit for greater carbon
savings than actually achieved.
There are uncertainties inherent in estimating the magnitude of indirect land use emissions from biofuels,
but a policy that implicitly or explicitly assigns a value of zero is clearly not supported by the science. All
the studies of land use change indicate that the emissions related to biofuels expansion are significant and
can be quite large. Exhaust pipe emissions for biofuels are, by convention, ignored in performing lifecycle
GHG emissions analysis for biofuels. This accounting convention is flawed, as was described in the opinion
of the European Environment Agency Scientific Committee on 15 September 2011.1 To justify the omission
of exhaust pipe emissions, it is essential to account for changes in land use.
The current scientific understanding is sufficient to warrant immediate action, as has already been
recognized in the U.S. federal Renewable Fuel Standard and California Low Carbon Fuels Standard. A
regulation based on a robust framework of science can be adjusted as the analysis matures. Without
addressing land use change, the European Union’s target for renewable energy in transport may fail to
deliver genuine carbon savings in the real world. It could end up as merely an exercise on paper that
promotes widespread deforestation and higher food prices.
It has been suggested that higher GHG thresholds for direct emissions are an adequate substitute for
accounting for indirect land use change emissions. However, a problem in the accounting cannot be fixed
by changing the threshold. A complete accounting is essential to assuring that promised carbon reductions are credible. Flawed accounting could even encourage greater expansion of biofuels that cause damaging changes in land use, as described in the September 15 EEA Scientific Committee opinion.
Biofuels policies should encourage a growing clean energy market and create jobs producing low carbon
biofuels that avoid land use change. Strategic investment decisions must be based upon the best available
assessments of the GHG emissions of alternative fuel pathways. Promptly establishing a credible
framework that includes indirect land use change will signal the market to invest in biofuels that minimize
deforestation and competition with food.
The president of the commission has pledged “a fundamental review of the way EU institutions access and
use scientific advice.”2 We urge you to align the EU biofuels policy with the best scientific knowledge and
take into account emissions from indirect changes in land use.
Sincerely,
A full list of signatories can be found here.
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