- Today (May 22) is World Biodiversity Day. In celebration, below is a look at the world’s ten most biodiverse countries as measured by species richness.
- This list takes a simplified approach, created a weighted index using five groups of animals — amphibians, birds, fish, mammals, and reptiles — and one group of plants — vascular plants.
- One major caveat: The list does not include invertebrates due to paucity of data in many countries. If we were able to include invertebrates, it would further boost tropical countries in the rankings.
- Note: the rankings were updated on December 23, 2023.
Author’s note: The data that underpins this post is updated on a regular basis on Mongabay’s rainforest site: Amphibians, Birds, Fish, Mammals, Reptiles, Vascular Plants.
September 26, 2021 update: this list was revised to reflect new data on plant diversity, which affected the order of the rankings of the top ten countries.
December 23, 2023 update: this list was revised to reflect new data across all taxa, which affected the order of the rankings of the top ten countries.
May 22 has been designated as the “International Day for Biological Diversity” by the United Nations to “increase understanding and awareness of biodiversity issues”. In celebration of World Biodiversity Day, below is a look at the world’s ten most biodiverse countries as measured by species richness.
A few caveats before we get to the list. There are many ways to measure biodiversity. This list takes a simplified approach, created a weighted index using five groups of animals — amphibians, birds, fish, mammals, and reptiles — and one group of plants — vascular plants. Each country is ranked by its percentage of species in each group relative to the total global number of species for each group. There are obviously major omissions: the system don’t account for insects and other invertebrates, fungi, microorganisms, and a number of other large groups of living creatures. Nor does it attempt to measure diversity of populations within species, levels of endemism, or intactness of ecosystems. Nonetheless we believe the list represents a fair proxy for the planet’s most biodiverse countries. Some of the countries in the ranking could move up or down a few places in the rankings depending on one’s data sources and methodology.
Just missing the top 10
Several countries — Bolivia, South Africa, Democratic Republic of the Congo, Malaysia, Tanzania, Papua New Guinea, and Vietnam — narrowly missed the top 10. For some plant and animal groups, some of these countries do make their respective top 10s, including South Africa for vascular plants and Papua New Guinea for animals.
#11: Venezuela
Venezuela gets a special mention because in the original version of this story, it was tied at #10 with the United States. But updated plant data led to it ranking below the U.S. in the revised ranking. Venezuela is one of the world’s most biodiverse countries when it comes to birds.
#10: the United States
With its large geographic extent and range of ecosystems from tundra to tropical forests, the United States has incredibly high levels of biodiversity. Due to its diversity of freshwater and marine ecosystems, the United States ranks particularly high in terms of fish species.
#9: Ecuador
Despite having a smaller land area than the state of Arizona, Ecuador outpaces the entire United States when it comes to biodiversity. The country — which spans the Andes-Amazon region and includes the Galapagos archipelago — outranks the U.S. in bird (1,684 bird species in Ecuador versus the USA’s 1,036 species) and amphibian species (688 species versus 345 species).
#8: India
With a large landmass covering a range of ecosystems, India scores well across the board in terms of species richness. It ranks especially high when it comes to reptiles and birds. Some of India’s best known species are charismatic megafauna: elephants, rhinos, lions, and tigers.
#7: Australia
Australia really outperforms when it comes to reptiles and fish, leading the world in both categories according to The Reptile Database and FishBase. The Great Barrier Reef and terrestrial ecosystems ranging from dry deserts to tropical rainforests give the continent-nation a boost in the rankings.
#6: Mexico
Spanning Meso-American rainforests, dry forests, mountain habitats, and deserts, Mexico scores well across most plant and animal groups. Its strongest ranks come among birds, mammals, reptiles, and plants.
#5: Peru
Unsurprisingly, three of the top five countries on this list are in South America, which is home of the world’s largest rainforest: the Amazon. Peru is second only to Colombia in terms of birds and ranks in the top five globally for amphibians, mammals, and plants.
#4: Colombia
Colombia’s incredible bird, amphibian, and plant richness elevates the country to the top four on our index. With 1,917 species, Colombia has more species of birds than any country on Earth. Colombia’s biological richness is a product of its variety of ecosystems, including tropical forests in the Amazon and Choco, mountain habitats like the Sierra Nevada and Andes, the grasslands of the llanos and páramos, and islands like Gorgona in the Pacific and San Martin in the Caribbean.
#3: China
While most Americans probably think of massive cities when someone mentions “China” or perhaps the panda bear, the giant East Asian country is actually home to a staggering array of habitats, from tropical rainforests in Yunnan to the Gobi desert. China ranks particularly well for birdlife, plants, and fish.
#2: Indonesia
An archipelago of more than 10,000 islands, Indonesia has a wide array of terrestrial and marine ecosystems, including parts of the world’s third largest rainforest and the famed Coral Triangle. Indonesia has the most mammal species of any country and is narrowly edged out by Australia when it comes to fish species, according to FishBase. It ranks third with 1,791 bird species, according to BirdLife International. Indonesia is the only place on Earth where rhinos, orangutans, elephants, bears, and tigers can be found living in the same forest.
#1: Brazil
Brazil is the Earth’s biodiversity champion. Between the Amazon rainforest and Mata Atlantica forest, the woody savanna-like cerrado, the massive inland swamp known as the Pantanal, and a range of other terrestrial and aquatic ecosystems, Brazil leads the world in plant and amphibian species counts. It ranks second in mammals and amphibians, third in birds, reptiles and fish.
Small Countries: Pockets of Biodiversity
This list focused on total biodiversity. It is therefore biased toward big countries like Brazil, the U.S., Russia, and China. But on a per unit of area basis, tiny tropical countries are biodiversity champions: Trinidad-and-Tobago, Brunei, Gambia, El Salvador, Jamaica, Belize, Costa Rica, Rwanda, Equatorial Guinea, and Panama top the list.
Disagree with the ranking? Feel free to comment below.
DATA SOURCES: AmphibiaWeb, FishBase, IUCN Red List, The Mammal Diversity Database of the American Society of Mammalogists (ASM), Reptile Database, Birdlife International, Mongabay.com, and UNEP-WCMC (World Conservation Monitoring Centre).
The rankings at the time of this post’s publication: Earth’s most biodiversity countries (2016 version) and Biodiversity per unit of area (2016 version).
The most biodiverse countries (2021 version) and Biodiversity per unit of area (2021 version).
The number of species used to determine biodiversity share (rounded to nearest hundred):
- Birds: 10,474
- Amphibians: 8,707
- Mammals: 6,399
- Fish 34,300
- Reptiles 11,940
- Plants: 270,000
Update: 5/23/2016: Readers have asked what countries were included in the assessment. Here is the full list — we were limited by time and data availability: Algeria, Angola, Argentina, Australia, Azerbaijan, Bangladesh, Belize, Benin, Bhutan, Bolivia, Brazil, Brunei, Cambodia, Cameroon, Canada, Central African Republic, Chile, China, Colombia, Congo, Costa Rica, Croatia, Cuba, Dominican Republic, DR Congo, Ecuador, El Salvador, Equatorial Guinea, Ethiopia, France, French Guiana, Gabon, Gambia, Georgia, Ghana, Greece, Guatemala, Guinea, Guinea-Bissau, Guyana, Haiti, Honduras, India, Indonesia, Iran, Italy, Ivory Coast (Cote d’Ivoire), Jamaica, Japan, Kazakhstan, Kenya, Kyrgyzstan, Laos, Liberia, Madagascar, Malawi, Malaysia, Mali, Mexico, Morocco, Mozambique, Myanmar (Burma), Nepal, New Zealand, Nicaragua, Nigeria, Pakistan, Palau, Panama, Papua New Guinea, Paraguay, Peru, Philippines, Portugal, Russia, Rwanda, Senegal, Serbia, Seychelles , Sierra Leone, Singapore, Solomon Islands, Somalia, South Africa, Spain, Sri Lanka, Sudan, Suriname, Tajikistan, Tanzania, Thailand, Togo, Trinidad-and-Tobago, Turkey, Uganda, Ukraine, United States, Uzbekistan, Venezuela, Viet Nam, Zambia, and Zimbabwe.
Author’s note: The data that underpins this post is updated on a regular basis on Mongabay’s rainforest site: Amphibians, Birds, Fish, Mammals, Reptiles, Vascular Plants.
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