Malaysia is systematically replacing its natural forests with plantations of GMO latex-timber clones without affecting official “forest” cover.
Rainforests once managed for selective logging in Malaysia are now being are clear-felled and replaced with latex-timber clones—rubber trees that yield latex and can be harvested for timber—reports the Malaysian Star. Up to 80 percent of Malaysia’s remaining forest cover could be at risk.
Journalist Tan Cheng Li reports that permanent forest reserves in Selandor and Johor have already been cleared for rubber plantations, while other reserves are now being targeted. Permanent forest reserves are forest areas that have been set aside for selective logging under sustainable forest management. They account for 82 percent of Malaysia’s remaining forest cover.
The development is driven by the government’s effort to expand timber plantations across the country and has been facilitated by a system which classifies single-species monocultures as forests.
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“This labeling has severe repercussion[s]: Forestry Department figures will not show a decline in forest cover despite massive tracts of natural forest being turned into evenly planted rows of rubber saplings,” writes Tan Cheng Li.
“What we’re seeing today is wholesale clearing of permanent forest reserves and massive conversion to plantations,” Tan Cheng Li quoted Surin Suksuwan, Chief Technology Officer at the World Wildlife Fund for Nature, as saying.
The replacement of natural forests with plantations has significant ecological implications. Plantations house fewer plant and animals species and generally store less carbon than natural forests. Clear-cutting also results in soil erosion and increases the risk of fire.
According to the article, permanent forest reserves are also being converted for other types of plantations, including African mahogany, teak, Acacia, sentang, kelempayang, batai, and binuang, although latex-timber clones (LTC) is “favored.” The government plans to have 375,000 hectares of tree farms by 2020.
While there is nothing illegal about conversion of natural forest to plantations under Malaysian law, questions are being raised about lack of environmental oversight. Dylan Ong, an environmental consultant interviewed by Tan Cheng Li, said that while the Department of the Environment requires and Environment Impact Assessment for any logging over 500 hectares in extent, he had yet to see one for a LTC plantation.
“Permanent forest reserves are classified as Environmentally Sensitive Areas Rank Two in the National Physical Plan whereby no development or agriculture is allowed. So all latex timber clone projects in forest reserves should not have been approved,” said Ong.
REDD fears
Some environmental groups fear that Malaysia’s new practice could expand to other countries should current definitions of “forest” be applied under the proposed “REDD” mechanism that is expected to be part of the next framework for mitigating climate change. REDD, which stands for Reducing Emissions from Deforestation and Degradation, is designed to compensate tropical countries for preserving their forest cover, thereby avoiding greenhouse gas emissions from forest clearing. But should monoculture plantations be classified as “forest”, then some NGOs reason that landowners could profit by logging natural forests and replacing them with tree farms to the detriment of biodiversity, carbon stocks, and ecosystem services like erosion control and water provisioning.
Tan Cheng Li. Whither our wilds. The Malaysian Star, 7 July 2009.
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