The Theory of Island Biogeography, coined by Robert MacArthur and E.O. Wilson, helps describe why species are distributed as they are. The larger and closer an island is to another (or to the mainland), the more biodiverse it should be. This can be used to describe actual islands in the ocean, like the Galapagos, or even mountaintops, like the Madrean Sky Islands in southern Arizona and New Mexico.
In human-dominated countryside areas, forests are often fragmented and scattered among a matrix of developments such as plantations and pastures. Scientists have long overlooked the habitat value of these matrices. However, according to a recent study published in Nature, the biodiversity of altered countryside areas that exist between islands of fragmented forests can be significant and deserving of conservation attention.
“A major misconception associated with island biogeography is that the matrix doesn’t matter,” Chase Mendenhall, lead author of the paper, told mondaybay.com.
Costa Rican countryside landscape is important habitat for many species. Photo by Mendenhall et al.
This study was conducted by comparing the results of two similar projects in nearby areas in Central America. A team of scientists from Stanford University had been studying the diversity of several types of animals, including bats, in and around Las Cruces Biological Reserve in Costa Rica, which is surrounded by agricultural countryside. After hearing that Cristoph Meyer, a German ecologist, had been using identical methods for studying bats on nearby man-made islands within the Panama Canal, the scientists decided to compare the results of the two sites to test the Theory of Island Biogeography.
The results showed that while both the fragmented forests and island ecosystems shared similar levels of bat biodiversity, there was a substantial difference in the areas in-between. Because the countryside areas were more habitable than the water, the diversity trends of the forested area did not follow the same patters as in the islands. While the species richness, or number of different species of bats, proved much lower in countryside areas in comparison to forested areas, the species evenness, or amount of each species present, stayed roughly the same.
Some species of bats even seemed to prefer the countryside, showing more abundance outside of reserves.
Bats occupy many different habitat types, are often top predators of many insect species, and react quickly to changes in the environment, making them an ideal study animal for biodiversity research. However, there is still much to be known about why these flying mammals act the way they do, and how the theory relates to other animals in countryside ecosystems.
“Why [these species] are so sensitive to deforestation is largely unknown and likely a result of their specific ecology and evolution,” Mendenhall said. “More work is needed across multiple groups to solidify the patterns we observe, which is why we have countryside biogeography studies on birds, non-flying mammals, butterflies, moths, plants, and, most recently, amphibians and reptiles.”
Some bat species even preferred human-developed countryside areas to adjacent forests. These are Seba’s short-tailed bats (Carollia perspicillata), a common species in Central and South America. Photo by Mendenhall et al.
Mendenhall has published studies in Ecology and PNAS, the results of which support the importance of these Costa Rican countryside areas for many bird, amphibian, and reptile species.
Human-dominated countryside areas are predicted to become more common as development continues in all parts of the world. This increases the importance of countryside biogeography models for showing how ecosystems will respond to such changes.
“Biogeography investigates how life changes across gradients of climate, habitat, and biological communities – countryside biography is a more realistic way at investigating how life changes across those gradients inclusive of human induced climate change, human-made habitats, and human-impacted biological communities,” Mendenhall said.
If managed responsibly, countryside areas have the capacity to provide both habitat for many species and ecosystem services for humans such as flood control and water purification.
“Countryside biogeography holistically values ecosystems and invites the opportunity to make human-made habitats friendlier for wildlife and better for people,” Mendenhall said.
With the results of this study, a more effective approach could be developed and applied to conservation in the future.
“Next steps include filling knowledge gaps in countryside biogeography as a scientific community by evaluating which land use practices, amount of native habitat, and their configurations are best for supporting wildlife in the long term – including wildlife that directly benefits farms by pollinating crops, eating pests, or recycling nutrients,” Mendenhall concluded.
Citations:
- Laurance, W.F., et al. (2012). Averting biodiversity collapse in tropical forest protected areas. Nature. doi:10.1038/nature11318
- Mendenhall, C.D., et al. (2011). Predictive model for sustaining biodiversity in tropical countryside. PNAS. doi:10.1073/pnas.1111687108
- Mendenhall, C.D., et al. (2014). Countryside biogeography of Neotropical reptiles and amphibians. Ecology. 95(4): 856-870.
- Mendenhall, C.D., Karp, D.S., Meyer, C.F.J., Hadly, E.A., Daily, G.C. (2014). Predicting biodiversity change averting collapse in agricultural landscapes. Nature. doi:10.1038/nature13139
Related articles
Connecting forests, saving species: conservation group plans extensive wildlife corridor in Panama
(05/16/2014) With the cooperation of hundreds of ranchers and researchers, Azuero Earth Project aims to replant a swath of tropical dry forest, connecting the dry tropical forest on the coast to cloud forest further inland. The trees along the 140-kilometer (80-mile) wildlife corridor will create a continuous habitat for the Critically Endangered Azuero spider monkey (Ateles geoffroyi azuerensis) and improve the soil for people who farm and ranch along the way.
Elephants in the midst: warning system prevents human-elephant conflicts in India, saves lives
(05/08/2014) Indian elephants once freely roamed the rich mid-elevation evergreen forests of the Valparai plateau in the Western Ghats, one of the world’s mega biodiversity regions, but they can’t move the way they used to. Ever-increasing commercial plantations and settlements have become obstacles to the daily and seasonal movements of elephants, creating more chances for often-deadly encounters between humans and elephants.
Commodity eco-certification skyrockets, but standards slip
(05/01/2014) The volume of commodities produced under various social and environmental certification standards jumped 41 percent in 2012, far outpacing the 2 percent growth across conventional commodity markets, finds a comprehensive new assessment of the global certification market.
Intensifying cattle production in Brazil could cut global deforestation emissions 25%, says study
(04/28/2014) Brazil could reduce more than a quarter of emissions linked to deforestation worldwide by intensifying cattle production in the Amazon, argues a new study published in the journal Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences.
Wild food: scientists link forests to human nutrition
(04/25/2014) Food security is a mounting global issue. As a solution to increasing food scarcity, forests are commonly cleared to make land available for agriculture. Around the world, both industrial farmers and subsistence farmers alike are growing crops on deforested land. However, scientists are finding that the forests themselves may actually be key to providing local populations with higher quality diets.
Despite campaign, Girl Scout cookies still aren’t deforestation free, say scout activists
(04/25/2014) Despite a high-profile campaign that caused one of the world’s largest food companies to adopt a comprehensive zero deforestation policy, Girl Scout cookies still aren’t necessarily free of rainforest destruction and social conflict, say the two girl scouts who launched the protest seven years ago.
The beef with beef: how 12 strategies could drastically cut agricultural emissions
(04/25/2014) Eating less beef, cutting food waste, and utilizing farm landscapes to sequester carbon are three ways a new report suggests the world could rapidly tackle agricultural emissions. Currently, global agriculture accounts for nearly a fifth of the world’s greenhouse gas emissions when agriculturally-linked deforestation is included.
Credits
Morgan Erickson-Davis Editor - Mendenhall, C.D., et al. (2011). Predictive model for sustaining biodiversity in tropical countryside. PNAS. doi:10.1073/pnas.1111687108
