Indonesian palm oil companies would support land swaps as a means to reduce carbon emissions from deforestation while simultaneously expanding production, representatives from the country’s largest association of palm oil producers told mongabay.com in an interview last month.
GAPKI General Secretary Joko Supriyono and Executive Director Fadhil Hasan said the Indonesian palm oil industry would support a mechanism under which palm oil companies could swap high carbon stock (HCS) and high conservation value (HCV) forest in so-called “APL” areas — lands zoned for conversion — for the equivalent area of non-forest lands that are part of the national “forest estate” if such exchanges were permitted by law. As much of 40 million hectares of Indonesia’s “forest estate” — land controlled by the powerful Ministry of Forestry — consists of land that is either stripped of forest or heavily degraded.
“GAPKI does not support the forestry moratorium because it makes APL land off-limits to oil palm expansion,” Joko told mongabay.com, referring to the current two-year ban on new plantation and logging concessions in some 14 million hectares of previously unprotected forest and peatland. “But GAPKI would agree to land swaps [where APL land with high carbon stock] is exchanged with degraded forest in the forest estate.”
Oil palm estate in Sumatra.
Under the current forestry law, degraded and non-forest land in the forest estate can’t be used for non-forestry uses unless the Ministry of Forestry relinquishes control of it. The GAPKI officials added that to meet government production targets of 40 million tons of crude palm oil by 2020, the Indonesian palm oil industry would need to both increase productivity of existing plantations Ô especially low-yielding smallholder lots — and expand the extent of plantations beyond the current 9 million hectares (34,700 square miles) in the country. Gapki’s 570 members control million hectares of that area.
Land swaps has been previously proposed by palm oil companies in Indonesia, but progress had been slow due to the complexities of competing and overlapping bureaucracies, unclear land title, and confusing regulations. The World Resources Institute (WRI), a U.S.-headquartered NGO, has tried to move the effort forward by mapping non-forest areas for potential expansion. It estimates that there may be some 50 million ha suitable for plantations without the need to clear carbon-dense forests.
The palm oil paradox Palm oil is widely acknowledged as one of the most important drivers of deforestation and forest diminishment in Southeast Asia. Conversion of forests and peatlands for oil palm plantations is both a substantial source of greenhouse gas emissions and a major threat to biodiversity — one study called palm oil the “single most immediate threat to the greatest number of species”. Yet palm palm production generates tens of billions of dollars per year for the economies of Indonesia and Malaysia and is the most profitable form of land use across large swathes of Borneo, Sumatra, and New Guinea. Oil palm plantations also yield more edible oil than any other major crop, providing a cheap source of cooking oil for the poor. |
Palm oil companies and other developers often target forested lands because it can be easier to get a license than for degraded lands, which may have multiple competing claims, often from local communities. In some cases, timber felled during the clearing process can generate startup income to help offset the costs of establishing a plantation. But forest clearing leaves a company open to criticism from environmental groups, who note that forest and peat conversion is a huge source of greenhouse gas emissions and can threaten endangered wildlife like orangutans, elephants, and tigers, depending on the location.
Joko and Fadhil said they felt much of the criticism levied at the palm oil industry was unfair and failed to consider the context.
“Oils and fats demand is growing by 5-6 million tons per year globally and palm oil has the highest yield. Other crops take up more land to produce the same amount of oil,” said Joko, pointing to maize (corn) and rapeseed (canola).
In their view, conversion of forests outside the officially recognized forest estate shouldn’t count as deforestation because clearing is sanctioned by the government. In other words, it is legal, planned deforestation. Still, Joko and Fadhil admitted that there are some bad actors in the industry.
“The majority of palm oil plantations have already adopted palm oil sustainability schemes,” Fadhil asserted. “In some cases there is a violation but to generalize that all palm oil companies are bad and destroying [the environment] is baseless and wrong.”
When asked whether they thought Indonesian palm oil producers could suffer should Brazil successfully meet its ambitious expansion targets, Joko and Fadhil said they didn’t see the South American giant as a threat, citing the annual 5-6 million ton growth in vegetable oil demand. Brazil is aiming to convert up to 5 million hectares of degraded cattle pasture to oil palm plantations by 2020, which if achieved, would represent about 30 percent of current acreage worldwide.
Joko and Fadhil also downplayed the potential impact of the emergence of synthetic oils, like those derived from algae.
“Other oils have been popular at points in the past,” said Fadhil. “Palm oil’s advantage is it is highly productive, profitable [and] the supply chain is integrated from small farmers to big companies.”
Malaysia and Indonesia are the largest palm oil producers in the world, accounting for 83 percent of global market share combined in 2011 according to the FAO.
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