Somewhere Out There, Millions of Species Await Discovery

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Somewhere Out There, Millions of Species Await Discovery
Tina Butler, mongabay.com
May 17, 2005

While Planet Earth is becoming an increasingly smaller and more familiar world as every corner is explored and colonized, there remain millions of species undiscovered and undocumented. A number of significant species have been discovered in recent months, revealing humans' huge gaps in knowledge of the world around them. As the natural world struggles to adjust to ever-encroaching development, Mother Nature continues to surprise with her miraculous secrets. Some of these newly exposed creatures include the Golden Palace Titi monkey in Bolivia, a reported fox in Indonesia, a "vampire fish" in the Amazon and a re-discovery of a thought-extinct ivory-billed woodpecker in the United States.

Discoveries like these put our relative ignorance into stunning perspective. It is conceivable that there are more organisms on Earth that have not been identified and documented than ones that have. The current number of species across all kingdoms has been put at approximately 1.75 million. A team of scientists from the United Kingdom and the United States has devised a program called the Catalog of Life, which aims to consolidate all the various indexes of species from around the globe, with the goal of producing a single, definitive encyclopedia of life. The estimated completion of the project is 2011, when the catalog will then begin to absorb the thousands of subsequent discoveries. Annually, there are 15,000 to 20,000 new species identified in the animal kingdom alone. The UN Global Diversity Assessment has estimated that Earth supports close to 13.6 million species.

As previously inaccessible realms such as undersea thermal vents and regions of the upper atmosphere are explored, new discoveries are becoming more and more commonplace. But more familiar habitats and even creatures are housing previously unknown organisms. There was a recent discovery of 200 new species of yeast found living in the guts of beetles.

Outside the bellies of beasts, the tropical rainforest has long been noted for its dense biodiversity, but biologists are only now penetrating the life-rich canopy level and making new discoveries. Oceans are also contributing a large proportion of species to the newly identified list. Some 500 new species of fish were revealed by the Census of Marine Life in the first three years of this decade alone. The census contributors estimate there could be ten times more species waiting to be documented. Compared with the animal kingdom, biologists have a much stronger grasp on the plant world. Approximately 75 percent of plant life had been classified and only 2000 or so species are discovered annually. There are several areas that have particular potential as reservoirs of undiscovered species, including Papua New Guinea (especially for plants) and the tropical rainforests in Central Africa, which have been fairy inaccessible due to local civil strife.

Obstacles to access aside, new species are surfacing with great regularity across the globe. And many are animals, not simply obscure types of fungus or bacteria. One such creature that escapes existing classification is a long-whiskered rodent known in its native Laos as the Kha-Nyou. First sighted by Dr. Robert Timmins of the Wildlife Conservation Society on a table at a hunter's market in central Laos, the animal most closely resembles a chinchilla or a guinea pig, but possesses marked differences. This species is so distinct, it represents an entire new mammalian family. Very little is known about this rodent species, other than it appears to be a nocturnal vegetarian that gives birth to a single offspring at a time as opposed to a litter. The Kha-Nyou also seems to prefer areas of limestone outcroppings and forest cover. Scientists performing DNA and bone structure analysis estimate that this species diverged from other rodents millions of years ago.

	Two new species of sportive lemur, similar to this species, were discovered recently in Madagascar

Other notable finds have recently occurred across the world, off the eastern coast of Africa and in Indonesian Borneo. Two new species of lemur have been discovered on Madagascar by researchers from the Henry Doorly Zoo in the United States. The species were found in forests on the island's east and west coasts and details of the discovery will be published in the December 2005 issue of the "International Journal of Primatology." The species found in the rainforest on the east coast has been named Seal's sportive lemur (Lepilemur seali) and the west coast dry forest species Mitsinjo sportive lemur (Lepilemur mitsinjoensis). In Asia, biologists may have discovered a new species of fox-like mammal in the rainforests of Kalimantan in Indonesian Borneo. The animal was caught on film by an automatic infra-red camera positioned in the forest of the Kayam Menterong National Park during a survey by the World Wildlife Fund (WWF). Scientists say the animal is has a reddish-colored coat, a bushy tail and slightly extended back legs, suggesting that it may be partly arboreal. Local hunters failed to recognize the creature from the pictures. A recent WWF report issued prior to the sighting documented at least 361 new species having been identified and described on Borneo between 1994 and 2004. Of these species, 260 were insects, 50 plants, 30 freshwater fish, seven frogs, six lizards, five crabs, two snakes and a toad. With these figures in mind, a mammalian discovery is especially rare.

It is surprising that on a planet that has been so comprehensively probed, researched and trammeled, there are still new species of mammals that have managed to evade human detection.

Discoveries of new mammal species are especially noteworthy and important to science because of their size and place in the food chain. The hidden biodiversity of Earth continues to surprise and inspire scientists, further promoting the importance of conservation.

What lies ahead is an immense challenge that stretches far into the future. Based on the past rate, one study estimates it will take another 1500 to 15,000 years to complete the global inventory of life. With new technology -- especially the internet, high quality images and DNA sequencing -- and a growing army of biologists, this process is accelerating, but even with these advances, humans would likely benefit in slowing the destruction of remaining wild spaces on Earth, because who knows what may be hiding there.

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