In an editorial in Science, U.S.-based energy policy experts Paasha Mahdavi and Michael Ross argue that governments creating consumer fossil fuel subsidies in response to rising energy prices is the “worst energy policy in the world.”

Mahdavi, an associate professor at the University of California, Santa Barbara, in the U.S., and Ross, a professor at the University of California, Los Angeles, write that following increasing fossil fuel prices due to the U.S.-Israeli war on Iran, many countries have adopted subsidies for consumers that keep fossil fuel prices low. The governments finance the gap through other means like taxes, borrowing or lower spending elsewhere.

Mahdavi and Ross argue that fossil fuel subsidies are bad, because they drain government budgets, cause worsening air pollution, discourage investment in renewable energy, and are very difficult to get rid of once implemented. “Of the roughly 130 subsidy reforms attempted in the 21 biggest subsidizers between 2016 and 2023, 70% collapsed within a year. More than 90% were gone within 3 years,” the authors write.

Ross told Mongabay by email that he hasn’t yet found a fuel subsidy reform that’s worked and can be widely applied. “They’re few and far between. Mexico got rid of its subsidies around 2017 after a long and convoluted process, but it ultimately worked,” he said.

The authors write that governments reach for fuel subsidies, then find them difficult to remove because consumers are very attuned to the price of gasoline. “Unlike an electric bill or the price of bread, gas prices confront drivers every day of the week, typically posted in public locations,” they add.

Ross told Mongabay that there are countries such as Ethiopia, Norway and Uruguay that are aggressively transitioning away from fossil fuels, but it will take time.

He added that policymakers must move to reduce the demand for fossil fuels, ideally through measures like support for electric vehicles and installation of solar, wind, and possibly other renewables.

Energy researcher Jonas Kuehl of the International Institute for Sustainable Development, who wasn’t part of the editorial, told Mongabay by email that while protecting people from sudden price rises is often essential, open-ended fuel subsidies are a bad energy policy. However, time-limited fuel subsidies for low-income households or essential transport services may sometimes be justifiable, he added.

“Blanket fuel subsidies — such as price caps, fuel tax cuts and fixed pump prices — are among the least effective ways for governments to spend public money,” Kuehl said. “They disproportionately benefit businesses and people who consume the most fuel, rarely the poorest households, while weakening incentives to conserve energy or switch to cleaner energy alternatives.”

Kuehl said some governments are introducing alternatives to blanket fossil fuel subsidies. He cited Indonesia establishing work-from-home Fridays for civil servants, and the Netherlands launching a monthly off-peak rail pass as examples of alternatives to fossil fuel subsidies.

Banner image: A petrol station at Llanrhystud, Ceredigion. Image by Roger Kidd via Wikimedia Commons (CC BY-SA 2.0).

Food conglomerate Mondelēz International, the owner of chocolate brands Cadbury, Milka, Toblerone and Oreo, has allegedly engaged in an extensive lobbying campaign to weaken and delay enforcement of the European Union Deforestation Regulation (EUDR), according to new analysis by environmental watchdog Global Witness.

Under the EUDR, companies selling to the EU must show their forest products, including cocoa, were not produced on land deforested after Dec. 31, 2020. The law was originally slated to come into force in 2024 but will now be implemented from Dec. 31, 2026.

The investigation by NGO Global Witness details how Mondelēz CEO Dirk Van De Put met with Andrew Puzder, the U.S. ambassador to the EU, in Brussels in June — just months before a European Parliament and Council vote that went into force on September 18 on proposed regulatory simplifications. Puzder is a close ally of Trump; both are openly critical of the EUDR, according to the NGO.

Global Witness reports that Mondelēz met Puzder in the headquarters of the American Chamber of Commerce to the EU. Mondelēz previously supported due diligence rules and no delay of the EUDR as part of the EU Cocoa Coalition alongside chocolate giants, including Mars, Ferrero and Nestle. However, the company broke ranks with peers in July 2025 to call for a 12-month delay.

The NGO says this call came a month after a senior Mondelēz representative became a board member of the Chamber. The reporting further details that Mondelēz extensively lobbied Brussels powerbrokers and national governments in France, Germany, Ireland and Luxembourg in the lead-up to a second delay proposal by the European Commission later that year.

Since 2023, Mondelēz has spent between 1.2-1.5 million euros ($1.4-$1.7 million) on EU lobbying, the NGO says, adding that it remains unclear what topics the money was spent on.

Mondelēz is the only major chocolate manufacturer analyzed by Global Witness that fails to disclose what percentage of its cocoa supply chain is deforestation-free, the NGO highlights. Its report says Mondelēz remains exposed to cocoa-driven deforestation in West Africa, including Liberia, by continuing to source cocoa through an untraceable system.

Mondelēz “has sought to sabotage the regulation by launching an aggressive campaign to oppose its implementation,” Bakary Traoré, executive director of Ivorian NGO Initiatives for Community Development and Forest Conservation (IDEF), told Global Witness.

Cocoa expert Antonie Fountain, who leads the NGO coalition VOICE Network and is a member of the EU Sustainable Supply Chains Coalition in Brussels, told Global Witness the reason Mondelēz is still pushing back against the EUDR is that “[they] haven’t done enough to get ready for the law.”

Responding to Global Witness, a Mondelēz spokesperson said “[they] fully support the objectives of the EU Deforestation Regulation and remain committed to deforestation-free supply chains and responsible sourcing across our operations and value chain.”

They added the company did lobby and that it engages with policymakers to ensure the regulation “works effectively in practice”.

Banner image: Mondelēz factory in Tomaszów Mazowiecki, Poland. Image courtesy of WrS.tm.pl via Wikimedia Commons (Free to use).

Zambia is investigating wildlife deaths and human exposure linked to an anthrax outbreak in the northern province of Muchinga, where several hippos have died since the outbreak was reported on Aug. 31.

 While other wildlife deaths have also been reported, hippos (Hippopotamus amphibius) are the species with the clearest laboratory evidence of anthrax, according to Raymond Hamoonga, Zambia’s national One Health coordinator. So far, 46 hippo deaths have been reported in the affected riverine area, but anthrax has only been confirmed in one animal, he told Mongabay by email.

Hamoonga added that even though current mortality rates don’t indicate a threat to hippo populations, the reported deaths are still “significant enough to warrant intensified surveillance, rapid investigation of new carcasses and continued monitoring of affected populations.”

“The immediate concern is the potential for further wildlife deaths, continued contamination around carcass sites and exposure of livestock and people at the wildlife–livestock–human interface,” Hamoonga said.

He said samples from five buffalo carcasses didn’t test positive for anthrax. Samples from 10 elephants reported since June are being investigated; none have been laboratory-confirmed as containing anthrax.

“Buffalo and elephant deaths should not presently be attributed to anthrax without supporting laboratory evidence,” Hamoonga said.

Anthrax is a zoonotic infectious disease caused by the Bacillus anthracis bacteria, which mainly affects wildlife and livestock. However, humans can become infected when they eat or come into contact with infected animals or contaminated animal products.

On Sept. 10, Zambia’s National Disaster Risk Management Division (DRMD), published an advisory urging people in Muchinga province to refrain from consuming, handling, selling, slaughtering, or distributing meat from animals that could have died from anthrax.

The DRMD said suspected carcasses should be reported immediately to veterinary or wildlife authorities.

Zambia has dealt with anthrax outbreaks before, the most significant one in 2023, when four people died and more than were infected across nine of the country’s 10 provinces.

While laboratory testing and field investigations continue into the current outbreak, Zambian authorities are monitoring the human health situation.

According to Hamoonga, as of Sept. 21, 21 people were suspected of contracting the bacteria in Muchinga. Only one case was laboratory-confirmed, and no deaths were reported at the time of the update. Hamoonga said they suspect carcass-related exposure; some people likely contracted the disease after handling or consuming meat from animals found dead.

“Community cooperation is essential because early reporting allows teams to secure and sample carcasses before they are disturbed or decompose,” Hamoonga said, adding that traditional leaders, community health workers, veterinary and wildlife officers, and local radio stations are involved in the local response.

Government authorities are continuing to monitor human health, treat suspected cases, and intensify wildlife and livestock surveillance including laboratory testing and risk-based livestock vaccination. A national vaccination campaign is currently underway.

Banner image: Hippos in a river in Zambia. Image by Julie Larsen © Wildlife Conservation Society.

A public hearing this week by the Inter-American Court of Human Rights will assess claims that the Peruvian state violated the rights of the Indigenous Mashco Piro, Yora, and Amahuaca peoples, who live on ancestral territory in the Amazon Rainforest.

The court will hold a hearing on Sept. 24 and 25 in Montevideo, Uruguay, about whether the state failed to adequately protect the groups from extractive industries encroaching on their land, including inside the Madre de Dios Territorial Reserve.

“This case constitutes a historic milestone in Latin America; the Court’s decision will not only have an impact on Peru, but will set a legal and political precedent for all Indigenous peoples of the Amazon,” the Native Federation of the Madre de Dios River and Tributaries and EarthRights International, two organizations representing the communities, said in a joint statement.

The Inter-American Commission on Human Rights, a separate body from the court, investigated the claims involving the Indigenous groups and found Peru was responsible for violating their rights. In November 2024, the commission referred the case to the human rights court, which can order the state to correct its actions.

According to the commission, Peru failed to expand the Madre de Dios Territorial Reserve despite evidence that Indigenous peoples living in isolation and initial contact, often referred to by the acronym PIACI, are present there. Peruvian law requires that the government protect the areas that the groups traditionally occupy. The commission also said the state didn’t recognize collective territories with legal titles or define buffer zones around protected areas.

Logging, mining, roadbuilding, oil exploration, and drug trafficking have been documented in the area, the commission said.

“Despite the adoption of regulations developed by the state to protect PIACI, the lands where they live face constant pressure on their territories from the presence of outsiders,” the commission said in its referral letter to the court.

The commission asked the court to order the state to demarcate Mashco Piro, Yora, and Amahuaca territory, and to establish buffer zones. It also wants the Peruvian government to finish categorizing the Madre de Dios Territorial Reserve as an Indigenous reserve, which could confer it a greater degree of protection.

The commission report also called for stronger action against illegal logging and mining, and a review of concessions that may overlap with ancestral territory.

In the commission’s report, the state argued that it’s already taking measures to protect PIACI with laws and regulations, and ongoing adjustments to protected areas. It also said it’s improving its monitoring and early-warning system for threats against the communities.

After the hearing this week, written arguments are due by Oct. 26. The court doesn’t have a deadline for issuing a decision.

Banner image: The Mascho Piro in Monte Salvado, Peru in 2024. Image courtesy of FENAMAD.

BWINDI, Uganda (AP) — In the tangled greenery of a Ugandan national park, mountain gorillas sit among the leaves, calmly carrying on as tourists trek into their forest home.

Many gorilla families are used to people, but while their population grows, the forest available to them does not.

Communities have planted trees for medicine, firewood and crafts along the edge of Bwindi Impenetrable National Park in a bid to reduce pressure on gorilla habitats.

The idea is simple: If residents can find the trees they need outside the park, they will have less reason to cut them inside the forest.

Bwindi’s forest is home to about 450 mountain gorillas, close to half the world’s remaining population. A 2018 survey put the global population above 1,000, a significant recovery for a subspecies that once faced possible extinction.

“Being a neighbor to the park, I understand that the number of gorillas is increasing, but the forest habitat is not increasing,” said Christina Katushabe, founder of Change a Life Bwindi.

Her organization supplies useful trees, restores degraded land while improving biodiversity. Katushabe said members of the Batwa, an Indigenous community that has helped guide the project, select species used for medicine, timber and firewood.

The Uganda Wildlife Authority distributes seedlings, including medicinal trees that people might otherwise seek inside the park.

Joseph Muhindo, an assistant tourism and hospitality officer with the authority, said residents can harvest what they need in their communities “without tampering with the habitat for the gorillas.”

The International Union for Conservation of Nature classifies mountain gorillas as endangered, an improvement from their earlier designation as critically endangered.

Tourism has helped support that recovery. Visitors trek through the forest to observe habituated gorilla families, generating jobs and revenue for nearby communities. Residents also sell locally made crafts.

Eunice Owembabazi, a member of a women’s crafts group, said the tree planting near the park means “we people and the gorillas do not inconvenience each other.”

The campaign has reached nearby schools, where students plant trees their families will be able to use.

“Now we are going to protect the forest, so that our gorillas can stay well,” said Davis Musinguzi, a student at Ruhijja Seed Secondary School.

The tree planting was among community conservation activities organized to mark World Gorilla Day, observed each year on Sept. 24.

By Patrick Onen, Associated Press 

Banner image: A mountain gorilla encountered during a gorilla tourism trek in Uganda. Image by Hjalmar Gislason via Flickr (CC BY 2.0).

Gorillas are among humans’ closest relatives, with a common ancestor dating back around 8 to 10 million years.

Both species of gorilla alive today are on the edge of extinction: The eastern gorilla (Gorilla beringei) is listed as endangered on the IUCN Red List, while the western gorilla (Gorilla gorilla) is critically endangered.

In its latest assessment of the eastern gorilla, the IUCN found a mixed picture of gorilla conservation. Some of the gorilla populations remained stable, while others faced declines — of roughly 60% for the subspecies Grauer’s gorilla (Gorilla beringei graueri) — in the last 20 years.

“Conservation has made the difference between survival and extinction in some regions,” Jessi Junker, a researcher at Germany’s Senckenberg Museum of Natural History Görlitz, said in a press release.

World Gorilla Day has been celebrated every Sept. 24 since 2017. For 2026, we bring you the highs and lows of gorilla conservation as published in Mongabay this year.

Ebola outbreak puts gorilla conservationists on high alert

The Democratic Republic of Congo declared a new Ebola outbreak in May 2026. As of Sept. 22, 7,773 confirmed human cases had been registered and 3,759 deaths.

While there haven’t been any suspected or confirmed cases of Ebola in eastern gorillas, which are mostly endemic to the DRC, conservationists are on high alert, Mongabay’s Kayleigh Long reported in June.

A previous Ebola outbreak from 2002-2003, caused widespread infection among western lowland gorillas (Gorilla gorilla gorilla) in the Republic of Congo, killing around 5,000 of the animals. 

“[W]e observed that Ebola spreads rapidly within gorilla groups, likely due to the physical contacts gorillas have during nap time, play or grooming sessions.” Damien Caillaud, a behavioral ecologist who witnessed the 2000s outbreak, told Long.

When one animal is affected, he said, “Almost all the gorillas from the group disappear within a few weeks.”

Two sets of mountain gorilla twins born in the same year

Twins are rare among mountain gorillas (Gorilla beringei beringei), occurring in less than 1% of births. However, park authorities of DRC’s Virunga National Park recorded births of two sets of gorilla twins in 2026, David Akana, Mongabay’s program manager for the Africa bureau, reported in March.

Jacques Katutu, the park’s head of gorilla monitoring, called the two twin births within three months “an extraordinary event”.

Women patrol the outskirts of key Cross River gorilla sanctuary

Women’s collectives in southeastern Nigeria are carrying out patrols and investigating environmental crimes plaguing communities around the Afi Mountain Wildlife Sanctuary, — home to critically endangered Cross River gorillas (Gorilla gorilla diehli) and endangered Nigeria-Cameroon chimpanzees (Pan troglodytes ellioti).

Women from two villages have even halted illegal timber deals, according to Francis Akie, head of the Traditional Rulers Council of Ulom, reported contributor Orji Sunday in July.

“Our men have failed to stop the threats,” Ofre Mary, founder of the Ulom Women’s Conservation Collective, told Sunday. “That’s why women decided to take a stand.”

Banner image: A western lowland gorilla (gorilla gorilla gorilla) in Gabon. Image by Rhett A. Butler/Mongabay.