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Ancient climate record preserved in prehistoric plants Ancestor of modern trees preserves record of ancient climate change By Susan Trulove, Virginia Tech November 1, 2006 About 350 million years ago, at the boundary of the Devonian and Carboniferous ages, the climate changed. There was no one around to record it, but there are records nonetheless in the rocks deposited by glaciers and in tissues preserved in fossils of ancient life. "This glaciation was not widely understood until recently," Scheckler said. "It was a worldwide event. The Europeans recognize the extinctions as the Hangenburg event, documented in a black shale deposit that contains a series of fauna changes. But the eastern United States was at a tropical latitude at that time, so the flora and fauna show less impact — but it is there. It is believed to be a time of coldness, because there was less diversity, but it is a subtle signal." Scientists exploring parts of the world farther from the equator have found glacial deposits, where the earth was scoured and sediment was dropped as the ice moved across Africa and Brazil. "Then glacial deposits were discovered in the former tropics. There is a widespread belt of rocks in Pennsylvania that were glacially deposited," said Scheckler, who studied fossils from New York, Pennsylvania, West Virginia, and Ohio, from an age when the equator ran through New York and south through Virginia and the region was uniformly at a low elevation.
In the fossil record, lignophytes — all those trees that grow like modern seed plants -- also produced successive layers of wood from perennial cambium tissue, "and left a permanent record," said Scheckler. "And if they did everything else the same as modern trees, maybe they responded to climate the same." Tree rings are a response to resumption of growth after a period of dormancy. "Cessation of growth and resumption of growth leave an anatomical signal that differs between tropical and temperate dormancy," Scheckler added. In temperate trees, cells become smaller and thicker walled before growth is stopped by cold, then the new wood cells become large and thin walled when growth resumes. In tropical trees, the rings are subtle, with no change in cell wall thickness and only slight changes in cell size. And the changes occur more in response to wet and dry periods, rather than cold periods, so can happen several times a year. Using this background from modern trees, Scheckler studied the ancient plants that had the same genetics for controlling wood growth and produced the same signatures for dormancy. He has documented that the fossil "trees" from most of the Devonian period show tropical growth rings, but those from the latest Devonian and earliest Carboniferous show growth rings that resemble those of temperate trees. "That plants of this time responded as modern plants would to cold supports the idea that there was a sudden chilling at the end of the Devonian," Scheckler said. "Later in the Carboniferous period, you no longer see the temperate signature rings because the glacial event went away." He delivered his talk, "Woody plant growth as a proxy for climate change at the Devonian-Carboniferous boundary," as part of the session on the Devonian—Early Carboniferous Climate Change: Glacial Deposits and Proxy Records, during there were other presentations on analysis of rocks and fossils from the period. This article is a modified news release from Virginia Tech. Recommend this article? Comments? >Digg this article | >Hugg this article | Contact News options
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