Novel organic metal hybrids revolutionize materials science and chemical engineering - applications in biogas and biohydrogen storage
A novel class of hybrid materials made from metals and organic compounds is changing the face of solid state chemistry and materials science just 10 years after its discovery, with applications already in safe storage of highly inflammable gases such as hydrogen and methane promising to make the introduction of biohydrogen and biomethane as transport fuels more feasible. Other applications of interest to the bioenergy community include efficient CO2 capture (for carbon-negative bioenergy systems), novel liquids separation processes in biofuel production (nanostructured molecular sieves) and the development of new catalysts.
Europe is aiming to capitalise on core strengths in the field and build critical mass by combining the diverse range of skills required within a coherent research network, following a major workshop organised by the European Science Foundation (ESF).
The materials called Metal Organic Frameworks (MOFs) represent one of the biggest breakthroughs in solid state science whose potential is only just being realised, according to Gérard Ferey of the Institut Lavoisier at the University of Versailles, who convened the ESF workshop titled Genesis and Applications of Active Metal Organic Frameworks [*.pdf].
In the case of gas storage, MOFs offer the crucial advantage of soaking up some of the gas pressure exerted by the molecules. This makes hydrogen derived from non-fossil energy sources such as biomass, or even genetically engineered plants, potentially viable as a fuel for cars while the alternative of pressurised canisters is not, says Ferey. The key difference is that the amount of gas stored in a conventional cylinder at say 200 atmospheres pressure could be accommodated in an MOF vessel of the same size at just 30 atmospheres, which is much safer:
energy :: sustainability :: biomass :: bioenergy :: biofuels :: metal organic frameworks :: solid state chemistry :: materials science :: biofuels :: gas storage :: carbon capture :: biogas :: biohydrogen ::
The porous nature of MOFs enables them to be exploited in quite another way as catalysts to accelerate chemical reactions for a wide variety of materials production and pharmaceutical applications, although this field, as Ferey noted, is still in its infancy. Yet already the field is gaining interest beyond academia from serious companies, with a significant development at the ESF workshop being the presence and support of German chemicals giant BASF. This in turn has provided high endorsement of the field's potential and has stimulated interest from other companies, according to Ferey.
But several challenges remain before this potential can be realised, the first one being to assemble research and development teams with the right body of skills. As Ferey noted, many of the skills already exist but the researchers need to expand their horizons and focus more broadly on the big picture beyond their specialised domains.
There is also the technical challenge of learning first how these materials are formed, and then applying the knowledge to design MOFs matched to specific requirements. MOFs are crystalline solids that form in highly regular patterns from solutions, just as salts and sugars do. Researchers need to learn how to manipulate the starting conditions to obtain just the crystalline composition and arrangement they want.
The ESF Exploratory Workshop, Genesis and Applications of Active Metal Organic Frameworks, held in Dourdan near Paris in France in April 2007, was one of the first dedicated to this highly promising field whose potential has been underestimated until now. The next objective for Ferey is to establish a research network within the European Union's Seventh Framework Programme (FP7). Each year, ESF supports approximately 50 Exploratory Workshops across all scientific domains. These small, interactive group sessions are aimed at opening up new directions in research to explore new fields with a potential impact on developments in science.
Image: example of a nanoporous MOF's molecular structure. Credit: ESF.
References:
European Science Foundation, Standing Committee for Physical and
Engineering Sciences (PESC), Exploratory Workshop: Genesis and Applications of Active Metal-Organic Frameworks [*.pdf], Dourdan, France, 25 - 28 April 2007 Convened by: Gérard Ferey, Institut Lavoisier (UVSQ), Département de Chimie, Université de Versailles St. Quentin en Yvelines.
European Science Foundation: Novel organic metal hybrids that will revolutionize materials science and chemical engineering - February 18, 2008
Europe is aiming to capitalise on core strengths in the field and build critical mass by combining the diverse range of skills required within a coherent research network, following a major workshop organised by the European Science Foundation (ESF).
The materials called Metal Organic Frameworks (MOFs) represent one of the biggest breakthroughs in solid state science whose potential is only just being realised, according to Gérard Ferey of the Institut Lavoisier at the University of Versailles, who convened the ESF workshop titled Genesis and Applications of Active Metal Organic Frameworks [*.pdf].
The domain is currently exploding, and there are so many potential applications that it is difficult to decide how to prioritise them. The only limit is our imagination. There is no doubt though that the first big application of MOFs - storage of gases - will be highly important, given the urgency of developing alternatives to fossil fuels for automobiles. For hydrogen storage, MOFs are already used, and many carmakers have these products in prototypes. - Gérard Ferey, Institut LavoisierMOFs are porous materials with microscopic sized holes, resembling honeycombs at molecular dimensions. This property of having astronomical numbers of tiny holes within a relatively small volume can be exploited in various ways, one of which is as a repository for gases. Gas molecules diffuse into the MOF solid and are contained within its pores.
In the case of gas storage, MOFs offer the crucial advantage of soaking up some of the gas pressure exerted by the molecules. This makes hydrogen derived from non-fossil energy sources such as biomass, or even genetically engineered plants, potentially viable as a fuel for cars while the alternative of pressurised canisters is not, says Ferey. The key difference is that the amount of gas stored in a conventional cylinder at say 200 atmospheres pressure could be accommodated in an MOF vessel of the same size at just 30 atmospheres, which is much safer:
energy :: sustainability :: biomass :: bioenergy :: biofuels :: metal organic frameworks :: solid state chemistry :: materials science :: biofuels :: gas storage :: carbon capture :: biogas :: biohydrogen ::
The porous nature of MOFs enables them to be exploited in quite another way as catalysts to accelerate chemical reactions for a wide variety of materials production and pharmaceutical applications, although this field, as Ferey noted, is still in its infancy. Yet already the field is gaining interest beyond academia from serious companies, with a significant development at the ESF workshop being the presence and support of German chemicals giant BASF. This in turn has provided high endorsement of the field's potential and has stimulated interest from other companies, according to Ferey.
But several challenges remain before this potential can be realised, the first one being to assemble research and development teams with the right body of skills. As Ferey noted, many of the skills already exist but the researchers need to expand their horizons and focus more broadly on the big picture beyond their specialised domains.
There is also the technical challenge of learning first how these materials are formed, and then applying the knowledge to design MOFs matched to specific requirements. MOFs are crystalline solids that form in highly regular patterns from solutions, just as salts and sugars do. Researchers need to learn how to manipulate the starting conditions to obtain just the crystalline composition and arrangement they want.
The ESF Exploratory Workshop, Genesis and Applications of Active Metal Organic Frameworks, held in Dourdan near Paris in France in April 2007, was one of the first dedicated to this highly promising field whose potential has been underestimated until now. The next objective for Ferey is to establish a research network within the European Union's Seventh Framework Programme (FP7). Each year, ESF supports approximately 50 Exploratory Workshops across all scientific domains. These small, interactive group sessions are aimed at opening up new directions in research to explore new fields with a potential impact on developments in science.
Image: example of a nanoporous MOF's molecular structure. Credit: ESF.
References:
European Science Foundation, Standing Committee for Physical and
Engineering Sciences (PESC), Exploratory Workshop: Genesis and Applications of Active Metal-Organic Frameworks [*.pdf], Dourdan, France, 25 - 28 April 2007 Convened by: Gérard Ferey, Institut Lavoisier (UVSQ), Département de Chimie, Université de Versailles St. Quentin en Yvelines.
European Science Foundation: Novel organic metal hybrids that will revolutionize materials science and chemical engineering - February 18, 2008
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