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    Spanish company Ferry Group is to invest €42/US$55.2 million in a project for the production of biomass fuel pellets in Bulgaria. The 3-year project consists of establishing plantations of paulownia trees near the city of Tran. Paulownia is a fast-growing tree used for the commercial production of fuel pellets. Dnevnik - Feb. 20, 2007.

    Hungary's BHD Hõerõmû Zrt. is to build a 35 billion Forint (€138/US$182 million) commercial biomass-fired power plant with a maximum output of 49.9 MW in Szerencs (northeast Hungary). Portfolio.hu - Feb. 20, 2007.

    Tonight at 9pm, BBC Two will be showing a program on geo-engineering techniques to 'save' the planet from global warming. Five of the world's top scientists propose five radical scientific inventions which could stop climate change dead in its tracks. The ideas include: a giant sunshade in space to filter out the sun's rays and help cool us down; forests of artificial trees that would breath in carbon dioxide and stop the green house effect and a fleet futuristic yachts that will shoot salt water into the clouds thickening them and cooling the planet. BBC News - Feb. 19, 2007.

    Archer Daniels Midland, the largest U.S. ethanol producer, is planning to open a biodiesel plant in Indonesia with Wilmar International Ltd. this year and a wholly owned biodiesel plant in Brazil before July, the Wall Street Journal reported on Thursday. The Brazil plant is expected to be the nation's largest, the paper said. Worldwide, the company projects a fourfold rise in biodiesel production over the next five years. ADM was not immediately available to comment. Reuters - Feb. 16, 2007.

    Finnish engineering firm Pöyry Oyj has been awarded contracts by San Carlos Bioenergy Inc. to provide services for the first bioethanol plant in the Philippines. The aggregate contract value is EUR 10 million. The plant is to be build in the Province of San Carlos on the north-eastern tip of Negros Island. The plant is expected to deliver 120,000 liters/day of bioethanol and 4 MW of excess power to the grid. Kauppalehti Online - Feb. 15, 2007.

    In order to reduce fuel costs, a Mukono-based flower farm which exports to Europe, is building its own biodiesel plant, based on using Jatropha curcas seeds. It estimates the fuel will cut production costs by up to 20%. New Vision (Kampala, Uganda) - Feb. 12, 2007.

    The Tokyo Metropolitan Government has decided to use 10% biodiesel in its fleet of public buses. The world's largest city is served by the Toei Bus System, which is used by some 570,000 people daily. Digital World Tokyo - Feb. 12, 2007.

    Fearing lack of electricity supply in South Africa and a price tag on CO2, WSP Group SA is investing in a biomass power plant that will replace coal in the Letaba Citrus juicing plant which is located in Tzaneen. Mining Weekly - Feb. 8, 2007.

    In what it calls an important addition to its global R&D capabilities, Archer Daniels Midland (ADM) is to build a new bioenergy research center in Hamburg, Germany. World Grain - Feb. 5, 2007.

    EthaBlog's Henrique Oliveira interviews leading Brazilian biofuels consultant Marcelo Coelho who offers insights into the (foreign) investment dynamics in the sector, the history of Brazilian ethanol and the relationship between oil price trends and biofuels. EthaBlog - Feb. 2, 2007.

    The government of Taiwan has announced its renewable energy target: 12% of all energy should come from renewables by 2020. The plan is expected to revitalise Taiwan's agricultural sector and to boost its nascent biomass industry. China Post - Feb. 2, 2007.

    Production at Cantarell, the world's second biggest oil field, declined by 500,000 barrels or 25% last year. This virtual collapse is unfolding much faster than projections from Mexico's state-run oil giant Petroleos Mexicanos. Wall Street Journal - Jan. 30, 2007.

    Dubai-based and AIM listed Teejori Ltd. has entered into an agreement to invest €6 million to acquire a 16.7% interest in Bekon, which developed two proprietary technologies enabling dry-fermentation of biomass. Both technologies allow it to design, establish and operate biogas plants in a highly efficient way. Dry-Fermentation offers significant advantages to the existing widely used wet fermentation process of converting biomass to biogas. Ame Info - Jan. 22, 2007.

    Hindustan Petroleum Corporation Limited is to build a biofuel production plant in the tribal belt of Banswara, Rajasthan, India. The petroleum company has acquired 20,000 hectares of low value land in the district, which it plans to commit to growing jatropha and other biofuel crops. The company's chairman said HPCL was also looking for similar wasteland in the state of Chhattisgarh. Zee News - Jan. 15, 2007.

    The Zimbabwean national police begins planting jatropha for a pilot project that must result in a daily production of 1000 liters of biodiesel. The Herald (Harare), Via AllAfrica - Jan. 12, 2007.

    In order to meet its Kyoto obligations and to cut dependence on oil, Japan has started importing biofuels from Brazil and elsewhere. And even though the country has limited local bioenergy potential, its Agriculture Ministry will begin a search for natural resources, including farm products and their residues, that can be used to make biofuels in Japan. To this end, studies will be conducted at 900 locations nationwide over a three-year period. The Japan Times - Jan. 12, 2007.

    Chrysler's chief economist Van Jolissaint has launched an arrogant attack on "quasi-hysterical Europeans" and their attitudes to global warming, calling the Stern Review 'dubious'. The remarks illustrate the yawning gap between opinions on climate change among Europeans and Americans, but they also strengthen the view that announcements by US car makers and legislators about the development of green vehicles are nothing more than window dressing. Today, the EU announced its comprehensive energy policy for the 21st century, with climate change at the center of it. BBC News - Jan. 10, 2007.

    The new Canadian government is investing $840,000 into BioMatera Inc. a biotech company that develops industrial biopolymers (such as PHA) that have wide-scale applications in the plastics, farmaceutical and cosmetics industries. Plant-based biopolymers such as PHA are biodegradable and renewable. Government of Canada - Jan. 9, 2007.


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Monday, December 11, 2006

FAO adapts World Agriculture report to reflect effects of emerging biofuels industry

Anyone studying the global potential and prospects for bioenergy and biofuels, uses the Food and Agriculture Organisation's "World Agriculture" reports. These authoritative studies give an overview of the world's current state of agriculture and its longterm outlook - crucial factors in assessing how much biofuels can be produced and what the effects of this production will be on global food security.

Compiled by the FAO's Global Perspective Studies Unit, the reports aggregate countries into regions and agricultural products into commodity groups, then look at how agricultural production and trade succeed in satisfying populations' growing demands for food, fibre and animal feed. Drawing on a wide range of factors - from demographic changes and dietary trends to land-use changes and technological advances in agriculture - the data are then projected over a time horizon spanning several decades.

The latest report, World agriculture: towards 2015/2030 [publicly available], dates from 2003. While working on a new version, the FAO produces 'interim reports' to reflect new changes in global agriculture. The latest interim report, World agriculture: towards 2030/2050, became available recently (june 2006). The emergence of a global biofuels industry is taken up explicitly as one of the three main reasons for the new outlook. The other two deal with demographic changes (global population growth is set decline faster than expected) and with the disappointing progress made in the fight against undernutrition and hunger (targets for which were set out at the World Food Summit of 1996).

Let us look at these three reasons more in depth and at how the FAO assesses the positive and negative effects of the bioenergy opportunity on global agricultural production and nutrition:
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World population to stop growing earlier than expected
The first reason for the revision has to do with demography. Future world population may be lower than the projections available at the time of the earlier study indicated. For this reason, food requirements in the future may be lower than projected in the earlier study. In addition, longer-term projections suggest that the end of world population growth may be within sight by the middle of this century, as world population may peak at 9.2 billion around the year 2075. In practice, much of the increase between the 6.1 billion of 2000 and the peak will have occurred by 2050 when world population may reach 8.9 billion.

It follows that over the next 50 years world agriculture may be transiting to a future when global population growth will no longer be the major driving force for further growth in world food demand and production. This has consequences for the rate at which further pressures on land and water resources and the wider environment will be building up.

The FAO writes:
In this context, of particular interest is the question: will the eventual cessation of world population growth imply that the classical Malthusian concerns (the prospect that population growth will run ahead of the potential of agriculture to increase food production, and its corollary – food insecurity attributed predominantly to production constraints), will no longer be relevant?
We attempt to estimate the magnitudes involved, but the short answer is that these concerns will probably retain their full relevance well beyond 2050.

Bioenergy and biofuels to the rescue of agriculture?

(The following section is taken over from Chapter 1. Overview, section "1.1. Why the new outlook to 2050" - [*.pdf])
"The second reason is that the growing tightness of energy markets and associated rising oil prices may exert some important effects on food and agriculture that have to be taken into account. At the time of the earlier projections, the World Bank’s price outlook for oil was that it could decline from the US$ 28/barrel of 2000 to US$ 21/barrel in 2015 in current dollars and even more in constant dollars of 1990. The outlook is quite different in the Bank’s latest assessment in view of the recent sharp price rises – to a 2005 average of US$ 53.4/barrel. Thus, “the World Bank has adopted a technical assumption for the future path of oil prices based on a slow decline toward US$ 40 per barrel by 2010”.

High oil prices, a burden on food and agricultural production
High energy prices affect the food and agriculture sector in several ways. Besides the classical ones (via macroeconomic effects affecting all aspects of production, consumption and trade, and the more direct ones on production agriculture via the effects on the costs of the energy-intensive inputs like fertilizer and fuel) they can impact agriculture by creating new markets for those products which can be used as biomass feedstocks for the production of biofuels as substitutes for the petroleum-based fuels (petrol, diesel) in transport.

The case of Brazil which, after a period of shrinkage during the 1990s when oil prices were low, has now reverted to using some 50 percent of its sugar cane output to produce fuel ethanol, both for domestic use and export, is telling.

Ethanol in Brazil is considered to be competitive vis-à-vis traditional fossil fuels at oil prices of US$ 35-40/barrel, although this figure will vary with the dollar exchange rate. Also well known is the growing use of maize in the USA (in this case with subsidies) to produce fuel ethanol. The renewable fuel provisions in the Energy Policy Act of 2005 will further promote such use: by 2015, it may become more important than exports and could account for some 23 percent of the country’s maize output, with important impacts on world markets.

Again with subsidies, the use of vegetable oils to produce biodiesel is expanding in certain EU countries, while the EU has a target of a 5.75 percent market share of biofuels in the petrol and diesel market in 2010. The latest projections of the European Commission foresee that 1.5 million tonnes of grain and some 10 million tonnes of oilseeds may be used to produce bioenergy in 2012. There is growing interest in the countries with abundant, or potentially so, production potential of suitable feedstocks (like palm oil for biodiesel in Malaysia and Indonesia, cassava and sugar cane for ethanol in Thailand) for going the way of producing biofuels, both for domestic use and export.

Novel development opportunities
Although at present the promotion of biofuels is often used in several industrialized countries as a means to relax the demand constraints facing agriculture, in the future it can have far-reaching effects on world agriculture as it can offer novel development opportunities for countries with significant agricultural resources, if barriers to trade of biofuels were eased or removed. Africa, with its significant sugar cane production potential, is often cited as a region that could profit from Brazil’s experience and technology, though obstacles to realizing it (infrastructure, institutional, etc.) should not be underestimated. Eventually, the competitiveness of biofuels may be further enhanced if the savings of greenhouse gas emissions resulting from substituting ethanol for gasoline were to be monetized in the form of tradable carbon credits (Certified Emission Reductions of greenhouse gases) through the Clean Development Mechanism under the provisions of the Kyoto Protocol. It is too early to deal fully with this important subject, given the uncertainties about future oil prices.

First steps towards more research
However, the issue of alternative energy sources is very alive and questions are increasingly asked about the potential of world agriculture to become a significant source of feedstocks and in particular the food security and environmental implications, e.g. further deforestation from the eventual expansion of land under the feedstock crops (oil palm, soybeans, sugar cane, etc). Our conventional projections to 2050 are a first and necessary step in addressing this issue: they can help establish how much more food and related agricultural resources the world may need and in which countries – a valuable input into any evaluation of the potential for diverting agricultural resources to other uses and what this may imply for food security. The advancement of technology in converting lignocellulosic biomass (from crop residues, grasses and wood) to produce “cellulosic” ethanol may contribute to mitigating eventual pressures on the land with food crop production potential."


World Food Summit targets not on track
A third reason is that nearly ten years into the period to 2015, the date by which the international community committed itself in the 1996 World Food Summit to halving hunger and undernutrition (halving the numbers undernourished), not much progress has been made and the prospects that the target will be attained are not encouraging. The significant progress made by some countries is being compensated by severe setbacks suffered by other countries. The latter tend to be those with high population growth rates, hence failures to increase food consumption per capita are translated into increases of the numbers undernourished. For those among them with poor agricultural resources and high dependence on them for their food security and overall development, the task of achieving in the foreseeable future the quantum jumps in food consumption required for meeting the target may prove very arduous indeed. Longer term projections can help drive home the issue that even if the global target for reducing undernutrition were achieved, there will still be several countries with unacceptably high incidence.

The need to plan ahead interventions to cope with the persistence of high undernutrition will likely remain a live issue for many years to come.


Conclusion
The FAO's interim report sees the development of a bioenergy industry mainly as an opportunity for developing countries to become energy independent and to relieve the very high economic burden of high fossil fuel prices. But realism forces us to admit that the barriers to the implementation of such a biofuels industry are very high, especially in countries whose populations the FAO identifies as suffering under high ratio's of hunger and undernutrition. On the other hand, it is precisely in these countries that the FAO sees the greatest positive effect of biofuels, precisely because these economies are very energy intensive and suffer under high oil prices.


The concept of the 'energy intensity' of an economy indicates the amount of energy an economy needs to produce a unit of GDP output. Economies that make the transition from an agrarian to an industrial status are generally most energy intensive; fully industrialised economies have a high to medium energy intensity; when they make the transition to post-industrial, service-based economies, they become considerably less energy intensive. This is a universally observed trend. Many developing countries precisely belong to the group of economies that are in a transitional phase between being largely agriculture-based and being in the process of industrialisation.
This makes them extra vulnerable to high energy prices. Ultimately, these high prices damage their agricultural output, and their food security.

The "World Agriculture: Towards 2015/2030" report showed very clearly that in many developing countries, there is an abundance of resources (arable land, water, climatic conditions) that allow the creation of large-scale and sustainable biofuel industries, that do not threaten the food security of growing populations. The interim report substantiates this fact and adds that bioenergy may even strengthen the food production in some of the least developed countries, provided that non-agricultural barriers such as lack of infrastructure, lack of investment, lack of political stability and lack of market access can be torn down.

The interim report is one of the most basic documents for anyone who wishes to engage in the biofuels debate in a serious manner.


More information:

FAO: World agriculture: towards 2015/2030. An FAO perspective. Rome, 2003 - *.html overview; full document in *.pdf format.

FAO: World agriculture: towards 2030/2050.Interim report. Prospects for food, nutrition, agriculture and major commodity groups; Chapter 1. Overview, section "1.1. Why the new outlook to 2050" - [*.pdf].

FAO: World agriculture: towards 2030/2050. Interim report. Prospects for food, nutrition, agriculture and major commodity groups. Rome, june 2006 - *.html overview; full version in *.pdf format.

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Senegalese government to distribute 250 million jatropha plants

Quicknote bioenergy policies
The Senegalese government has been very active in promoting biofuels to cut the country's heavy dependence on expensive oil. President Abdoulaye Wade led the creation of a 'Green OPEC' which unites African non-oil producing countries, with the aim of improving energy-security and to create a continent-wide biofuels industry. Senegal also sees biofuels and the jobs they bring as a way to revive the rural economy and to curb the flow of clandestine migrants from the country-side to Europe (earlier post). A national biofuels plan figures as a component of the country's REVA programme ('Retour Vers l'Agriculture').

More details have now emerged on this plan. Farba Senghor who manages it has announced that the state will distribute 250 million Jatropha curcas saplings to smallholders who will grow the crop, the nuts of which yield an oil suitable for the production of biodiesel. Jatropha is a drought-tolerant shrub that is well known in West-Africa, where it has been used traditionally as hedges to protect fields against grazing animals.

In theory, if all the plants were to produce their estimated average oil yield of 1500 liters per hectare, the initiative would result in a whopping prodution of 375 billion liters of biofuel per year, or 6.46 million barrels of oil equivalent per day. This would make Senegal entirely petroleum independent, a major oil producer and even exporter worthy of OPEC membership! Of course, these are theoretical yields that can only be obtained under the most suitable circumstances. Still, it seems like Senegal is taking the matter of energy independence through biofuels extremely serious.

Senghor says that the energy plantations will better the lives of the country's rural masses, by diversifying the range of products they produce. Besides producing biofuel feedstocks, the farmers will be able to develop other industries based on byproducts (glycerine), such as soap and detergent production. A Senegalese delegation of the newly created "Ministry for Agriculture, Biofuels and National Solidarity" recently visited neighboring Mali, to learn more about ways to integrate jatropha farming with other industries. Besides jatropha, Wade's biofuels programme will rest on other crops such as sugar cane for the production of ethanol.

Recently, the United Nations Conference on Trade and Development held an international workshop in Accra, Ghana, aimed at studying the financial and management aspects of large-scale jatropha production in West-Africa (earlier post). In an exemplary show of South-South solidarity, the Indian government pledged to help establish a fund aimed at promoting biofuels in West-Africa, by contributing US$250 million (earlier post). India itself has considerable experience and expertise with large-scale production of Jatropha oil [entry ends here].
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Punjab's bioenergy potential from agricultural waste estimated at 1000MW; major investments being made

The Indian state of Punjab, in the arid Northwest of the country, is the most celebrated symbol of the Green Revolution's success. Four decades ago, it was a dry, dead-poor, semi-desert region. But heavy investments in agricultural technologies, infrastructures, extension services, education and 'revolutionary' seeds, have resulted in the state becoming India's largest agricultural producer. India has gone from a food-deficit to a food-surplus country largely because of the agricultural transformation of Punjab. (Some think the revolution has now turned sour, but that is another matter).

Punjab is the breadbasket of India, which also means it produces vast amounts of waste biomass, which could potentially be used as a bioenergy feedstock. In a recent proposal submitted to the state government, the Punjab Energy Development Agency (PEDA) observed that at present, most of these agricultural residues are burnt in the open air, on the fields, leading both to pollution and contributing considerably to climate change. Moreover, valuable energy contained in this biomass is wasted in the process.

The PEDA now estimates that if Punjab were to use the residues in highly-efficient, modern bioenergy systems (such as combined heat -and-power plants) more than 1000MW of energy could be generated from this 'waste' biomass alone.

Punjabis are India's largest energy consumers, with some 790KWh per year per person, against an Indian average of 283KWh per person (Punjab state gov't). Still, compared to Western standards, this is very modest (compare with for example France, where per capita consumption stands at 7584KWh per annum). The 1000MW of power from biomass could satisfy the energy needs of some 8 to 16 million Punjabis (low number if inefficient technologies are used; high number when CHP plants are used).

PEDA thinks the generation of energy from agro-wastes available in Punjab does not only hold a theoretical potential; it could prove to be a cost-effective option as well. It would positively impact "energy conservation, social hygiene, employment generation and women’s health". When comparing fossil fuels and biofuels, all these factors have to be taken into account. In the end, biomass beats oil and coal.

Concrete projects
This is why several bioenergy projects are now underway in the Punjab. The aim is to initiate a decentralised, renewable and clean energy paradigm in the state:
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PEDA, a Punjab-government-run agency, has executed a small waste-to-energy power project with a 1MW capacity, while private developers have set up four biomass and co-generation projects with a total capacity of 21.9MW, also utilising agricultural residues.

Under a special program aimed at decentralising energy production, the government agency has also commissioned eight 'mini and micro' bio-power projects with a total generation capacity of 9.8MW, while private developers have set up ten such projects with a total capacity of 13.65MW.

Cooperation with Japan
Another 57 biomass, co-generation and small hydro projects are under execution, with a projected total capacity of 187.25MW. PEDA has sought soft-loan funding from the Japanese government through the department of economic affairs, Ministry of Finance. A team of senior officials from the Japan Bank for International Cooperation visited Punjab recently on an information-gathering mission.

Peda director S. S. Sekhon said that under the soft-loan scheme of Japan Bank, the agency would set up ten biomass projects in the state at a cost of around 450 crore rupiah (€76/US$100 million). Of this, 405 crore rupiah, or 90%, would come from the Japan Bank and the Punjab government would share the remaining Rs 45 crore.

These biomass projects will generate an additional capacity of 100mw, which will be harnessed in the next five years—2007 to 2012.

More information:
Comparison of Punjab's renewable energy potential with that of India as a whole, at the PEDA website.

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European regions commit to energy savings, renewables: energy action on the ground

For readers unfamiliar with the intricacies of European politics, a quick note. There is the Europe of nation-states and a supra-national level known as the Union. Within each nation-state, there is of course the very local level consisting of districts, municipalities and cities, governed by the memberstates' own institutions (subsidiarity principle, stay close to the citizen). But there exists an intermediate level - the regions - who use platforms to get their voices heard directly at the EU level. After all, three quarters of all the EU legislation is implemented at this local and regional level.

This intermediate level also cooperates on the front of energy policy. It has now come out with a declaration on energy efficiency and renewable energy, which was signed on 7 December 2006 at a round table organised in Brussels by the Committee of the Regions, the European Federation of Regional Energy and Environment Agencies and the Assembly of European Regions. The motto of the round table: "when it comes to energy, think globally, act regionally".

The declaration offers an interesting fresco of Europe's diversity and shows how energy policies are implemented in a 'bottom-up' manner. Supra-national decisions and visions are important, but the real action happens on the ground. Combating climate change and going green does not start in Brussels. It starts on your front lawn.

The document also shows how different renewables - wind, solar, biomass - are combined in a unique mix, suitable for each separate region. There is no single blueprint. Moreover, the document indicates how energy policies at a local level touch a great variety of other fields, from social (reducing energy poverty) and health policies (problems associated by energy poverty) to micro-economic (aiding households and SME's to become more efficient) and macro-economic interventions (reducing the overall 'energy intensity' of a region's economy).

'Totally fossil-fuel free'
Separate pledges towards increased use of renewables and higher efficiency were made by individual regions. Some interesting examples are the commitment by the Kalmar County Council in Sweden to be "totally fossil-fuel free by 2050 or earlier" and a commitment by the Navarra region in Spain to have 75% of its electricity produced from renewable energy sources by 2010.

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The EU's Energy Commissioner Andris Piebalgs made a speech at the roundtable, saying he hoped more regions would follow suit and set quantitative targets as well. He said that forthcoming measures at EU level would include a revision of labelling requirements for electrical appliances (Ecodesign directive) that will reserve "A" label standard only to the "10-20% most efficient appliances".

In the buildings sector, he said that member states and regions "could and should consider doing much more already now and not wait for a move from Brussels" to lower the 1,000 square-metre benchmark for minimum efficiency requirements.

Piebalgs said that EU state-aid rules will be re-examined in 2007 to scrap guidelines that explicitly prohibit support for the production of energy-efficient goods. As they currently stand, EU state-aid rules only allow member states to adopt fiscal measures promoting the purchase of energy-efficient appliances and cars that emit less CO2.

More information:
Fedarene: Declaration - European Regions for Energy Efficiency and Renewable Energy Sources - 7 Dec. 2006
Speech by Commissioner Piebalgs: Energy efficiency: the best way towards a sustainable, competitive and secure energy system - 7 Dec. 2006
Assembly of European Regions: Energy at the service of regional economic development: It's a win-win situation - 7 Dec. 2006


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Indian railways implements plan for creation of biofuel plantations

Part of India's colonial legacy is its vast railway network, the largest in the world. Millions of Indians depend on trains to get to work each day. But high fuel costs are becoming a burden on this form of public transport which keeps India's economy on the go.

This is why the Indian railways announced they will start implementing their transition to relying on locally produced biofuels. As part of a test-programme, India recently started using biodiesel in trains servicing two busy lines in the state of Chhattisgarh (earlier post).

The railways have now begun floating expressions of interest to farmers, cooperative societies and other organisations to spur the growth of oil crop plantations on 40,000 hectares of the railways' wasteland, aimed at the production of biodiesel.

According to Anirudh Gautam, head of the Research, Design and Standards Organisation (RDSO) at the Ministry of Railways, the institution has already created a special public-private partnership cell for this purpose. Speaking at an Assocham seminar on Future Energy Options, Gautam said:

“About 2 billion litres of diesel fuel are consumed annually by nearly 4,000 freight and passenger locomotives. The annual expenditure of the Indian Railways on diesel fuel is about €745/US$984 million. Biodiesel, blended with petro-diesel, can serve as an alternate fuel to help the railways save a good amount of money."

The Indian railways would become the largest buyer of biodiesel in the country:
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They currently operate operate around 400 diesel locomotives and around 100-120 are added to the fleet every year. With increased biodiesel use, the railways will not only bring operating costs down but also lower pollution and greenhouse gas emissions.

The railways have already signed a memorandum of understanding with Indian Oil Corporation, offering it 500 hectares of land for cultivating Jatropha Curcas. About 80 hectares are under a plantation which is expected to start yielding oil from 2008 onwards.

According to Gautam, biodiesel can be used in medium-speed diesel engines with a blend of 10% biodiesel and 90% petro-diesel.


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