QUICK NOTESMongabay, a leading resource for news and perspectives on environmental and conservation issues related to the tropics, has launched Tropical Conservation Science - a new, open access academic e-journal. It will cover a wide variety of scientific and social studies on tropical ecosystems, their biodiversity and the threats posed to them. Tropical Conservation Science - March 8, 2008.At the 148th Meeting of the OPEC Conference, the oil exporting cartel decided to leave its production level unchanged, sending crude prices spiralling to new records (above $104). OPEC "observed that the market is well-supplied, with current commercial oil stocks standing above their five-year average. The Conference further noted, with concern, that the current price environment does not reflect market fundamentals, as crude oil prices are being strongly influenced by the weakness in the US dollar, rising inflation and significant flow of funds into the commodities market." OPEC - March 5, 2008. Kyushu University (Japan) is establishing what it says will be the world’s first graduate program in hydrogen energy technologies. The new master’s program for hydrogen engineering is to be offered at the university’s new Ito campus in Fukuoka Prefecture. Lectures will cover such topics as hydrogen energy and developing the fuel cells needed to convert hydrogen into heat or electricity. Of all the renewable pathways to produce hydrogen, bio-hydrogen based on the gasification of biomass is by far both the most efficient, cost-effective and cleanest. Fuel Cell Works - March 3, 2008. An entrepreneur in Ivory Coast has developed a project to establish a network of Miscanthus giganteus farms aimed at producing biomass for use in power generation. In a first phase, the goal is to grow the crop on 200 hectares, after which expansion will start. The project is in an advanced stage, but the entrepreneur still seeks partners and investors. The plantation is to be located in an agro-ecological zone qualified as highly suitable for the grass species. Contact us - March 3, 2008. A 7.1MW biomass power plant to be built on the Haiwaiian island of Kaua‘i has received approval from the local Planning Commission. The plant, owned and operated by Green Energy Hawaii, will use albizia trees, a hardy species that grows in poor soil on rainfall alone. The renewable power plant will meet 10 percent of the island's energy needs. Kauai World - February 27, 2008. |
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- Researchers at the Taiwan Forestry Research Institute (TFRI) and North Carolina State University in the U.S. have developed genetically modified Eucalyptus trees that store far more carbon dioxide and contain less lignin. - Biopact Sept. 17, 2007
- The International Eucalyptus Genome Consortium's sequencing effort has been taken up as a project under the U.S. Dept. of Energy's Joint Genome Project for the year 2008. - Biopact June 12, 2007
- Brazilian state of Acre intends to make cattle ranchers reforest land which they have cleared for grazing. The sustainable forestry policy is based on replanting economic tree crops such as mahogany, acai, Brazil nut and palms - BBCNews Sept. 27, 2006
- Illegal deforestation of acacia for charcoal is becoming a serious problem in Kenya's Naivasha area. Nobel Peace Prize laureate Wangari Maathai's Green Belt Movement re-afforests with acacia but needs more support to win fight against illegal loggers - Kenya Times Sept. 5, 2006
- Australian scientists are conducting a 'time-machine' experiment to see how eucalyptus trees cope with increased levels of CO2 and global warming. - University of Western Sydney Aug. 28, 2006
- International research effort underway to sequence cassava genome, which may result in increased starch yields - USDA Agricultural Research Service - Aug. 30, 2006
- Cassava has one of the highest rates of CO2 fixation and sucrose synthesis for any C3 plant. With this in mind, researchers from Ohio State University develop transgenic cassava with starch yields up 2.6 times higher than normal plants by increasing the sink strength for carbohydrate in the crop. This means cassava makes for a 'super crop' when it comes to both CO2 fixation and carbohydrate production, i.e. sugars, the feedstock for ethanol - Plant Biotechnology Journal - Volume 4/Issue 4 - July 2006
- Vietnam's Institute of Tropical Biology to invest in Jatropha research - Le courrier du Vietnam - Sept. 6, 2006
- Genetic study proves humans have pushed orangutans to the brink of extinction; genetic decline coincides with establishment of oil palm plantations in Malaysia/Indonesia since the 1950/60s- Public Library of Science / Biology, Volume 4/Issue 2 - February, 2006
- Synthetic Genomics and the Asiatic Centre for Genome Technology Sdn Bhd (ACGT) have created a multi-year research and development joint venture to sequence and analyze the oil palm genome. In-depth genomic analyses will be followed by subsequent studies that will analyze the oil palm’s root and leaf microbial communities, to identify biomarkers and metabolic pathways that affect the plant's growth and viability. Biopact - July, 2007
- Researchers at the International Institute for the Semi-Arid Tropics have developed a sweet sorghum for the production of ethanol. The new variety has a very high sugar content in its root. Average yields in trial fields in the Philippines were between 95 to 125 tons, considerably higher than those of sugarcane - ICRISAT - Feb. 28, 2007
- Sokoine University of Agriculture, Tanzania, develops sorghum and millet processing technologies suitable for local conditions in effort to empower small farmers - IPP Media - Sept. 6, 2006
- South Africa blocks GM Sorghum project for fears over contamination of local wild sorghums - Kruger Park - Aug. 26, 2006
- Brazilian authorities have given their fiat for field trials with genetically modified sugar cane plants. The Centro de Tecnologia Canavieira (Cane Technology Center - CTC) will test three genetically modified varieties that are expected to yield 15% more sugar - GMO Compass
- Bamboo planting can slow deforestation, scientists from the International Center for Research in Agroforestry in Nairobi, Kenya, say. Bamboo rapidly becoming economically beneficial crop with large potential for energy, bioremediation, and afforestation - Chosun (S.Korea) Aug. 30, 2006
- "The beauty of miscanthus is that you only have to sow it once...Because of the way it grows, there is no need for fertilisers or chemicals", an English entrepreneur talks about his experience with Miscanthus as an energy crop - Grantham Today Aug. 8, 2006
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Wednesday, July 23, 2008
UK Parliamentary Group: Peak Oil threatens development in poor countries
High oil prices are largely responsible for the current spike in food prices, which already resulted in food riots in several countries. But the energy crisis can go much further and "make poverty a permanent state for a growing number of people, undoing the development efforts of a generation", the report warns. This is so because access to affordable and abundant energy, in particular liquid fuels, is the key to agriculture, economic development, mobility and social progress (earlier post, with an assessment by the UN of the disastrous impacts of high ($60 per barrel) oil prices on the Least Developed Countries, and the report by the InterAcademy Council which sees tackling energy poverty in the developing world as one of the biggest challenges of this century).
Written by the House of Commons' All Party Parliamentary Group on Peak Oil, RESET and Practical Action, the new study says that "communities across the globe are more vulnerable than ever, living in an unsustainable present and facing an uncertain future."
The parliamentary group, chaired by lawmaker John Hemming, was formed in 2007 to consider the production outlook and the consequences of declining supply for the British and world economy. It has 20 members. Its report now refers to warnings that peak oil is likely to occur "before 2015" and the current jump in oil prices is "a prelude to even more severe increases in the next decade," a statement issued with the report said.
Energy security has become a political priority for governments world-wide, a priority which needs to be reflected in the field of international development. Principal donors of overseas aid and senior policy advisors are encouraged by the Group to consider that:
- Vulnerability to energy and commodity price rises must be addressed at all levels – from humanitarian aid to bilateral development;
- Business as usual is not an option: future project funding should include criteria for reducing energy vulnerability - especially in post-disaster recovery and reconstruction settings;
- Food production should be de-linked from petro-chemicals; proven alternatives should be promoted.
Transport, diesel-generated electricity, refrigeration, plastics and medicines are all susceptible to increasing energy costs. Availability of all these items is not in question – the question is whether people will be able to afford them as energy becomes scarcer, the document states.Political and economic impacts of high oil
When oil passed $130 per barrel in May 2008, it sent shockwaves through the global economic system. As prices have risen, protests at the economic impact have been organised. Hauliers across Britain, France, the Netherlands and Bulgaria, as well as European fishermen, have shown their desperation.
"However, the impacts are hitting hardest in the developing world, where fuel price rises make the difference between poverty and extreme vulnerability", the report states:
energy :: sustainability :: biomass :: bioenergy :: biofuels :: ethanol :: biodiesel :: energy poverty :: development :: energy crisis :: peak oil :: Africa ::
After Indonesia withdrew subsidies in June, leading to a 30% fuel price jump, daily protests have erupted. In the Lebanon, reports were received of five people killed and forty injured, as police attempted to quell civil unrest as a result of protests against rising fuel costs.
Potential impacts of a global recession
In 2006, Dr Robert Wescott, former chief economic advisor to the US President, stated that “if oil increased to $120 a barrel and stayed there for a year [...] it would almost certainly precipitate a global recession”. Goldman Sachs and OPEC representatives indicated the possibility of a $200 barrel by the end of 2008 meaning that despite efforts to stem economic downturn in the short term, a global recession is now likely.
The impacts of global recession on the international development sector would be profound. For agencies working in the field, the outcomes are likely to be stark: higher operational costs together with contracted donor aid budgets.
Furthermore, as oil prices rise and commodities become less affordable, social unrest and conflict is inevitable – food and energy riots reported already during 2008 are testament to this.
Economic Impacts on Developing Nations
In 2007, a High-Level Task Force based at Oxford University, warned that high energy prices would “wipe out Millennium Development Goal progress”. Meanwhile, the International Energy Agency found that each $10 per barrel increase costs sub-Saharan Africa 3% of GDP. In the year 2000, it was estimated that countries in sub-Saharan Africa spent 14% of their GDP on fuel imports. Oil is now $100 a barrel more expensive than in the year 2000.
The Parliamentary Group says the current situation is clearly unsustainable and needs to be addressed. Where possible, development assistance should promote energy security through local, renewable energy generation that minimises dependency on fossil fuels. This is in line with EU energy policy.
Energy poverty and alternative energy
It is important to remember - amidst all the discussions of the impact of Peak Oil and Climate Change on our energy usage - that around a third of the world’s population today still has no access to electricity and almost a half of the world’s population still cooks over open fires.
Energy poverty is a feature of life in the developing world. Ending energy poverty means providing sufficient access to improved energy sources, to cover:
The EU recognises that to avoid energy vulnerability we “cannot hang on to old, fossil energy systems”. An equally compelling argument has been made for overseas development in a UN Development Programme analysis that “today’s situation [...] entrenches poverty, constrains the delivery of social services, limits opportunities for women and erodes environmental sustainability at the local, national and global levels.”
Energy security and development
In relation to energy security, it is useful to identify where communities in the developing world may be most vulnerable to energy price rises. Risk areas include cooking, electricity, light, heating and cooling.
From this point, it is possible to see how renewable energy systems, or in some cases
increased efficiency, could play a useful role to reduce vulnerability, offer better economic value and strengthen resilience. The economic comparison between renewable energy systems and fossil fuel improves every time the price of oil rises.
To tackle energy poverty in a world of rising oil prices and the threats from climate change the following actions are required:
Recommendations
This paper advocates urgent risk assessment in energy scarcity, international development and cooperation. Viable strategies need to be identified that can mitigate further hardship and disaster through community based projects. These strategies need to be included in donor funding criteria.
More specifically, the following recommendations are made:
- Support and fund a Working Group on energy security and international development to undertake contingency planning on the impact of Peak Oil in developing countries, and humanitarian response capacity
- Make local energy security a donor funding criteria to encourage organisations to adopt appropriate technologies and designs
- Initiate wider dialogue and action planning within the UN and other leading donors on questions of energy security
- Fund research and training that builds capacity in local food and energy security that is independent from fossil fuel imports - disseminated across the humanitarian and development sector.
Many proactive strategies exist to manage this transition to sustainable, low carboncommunities. They should be integrated into humanitarian and development funding
priorities and criteria, the report concludes.
Picture: bags of rice being offloaded from a truck on weekly market in eastern Niger. Low transportation costs are vital to ensure food security.
References:
House of Commons - All Party Parliamentary Group on Peak Oil: The Impact of Peak Oil on International Development [*.pdf] - June 2008.
Biopact: High oil prices disastrous for developing countries - September 12, 2007
Biopact: Global effort to fight energy poverty in Africa is launched at the World Economic Forum - June 14, 2007
Biopact: Leading scientists: energy crisis poses major 21st century threat, action needed now - October 23, 2007
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