- Ever since the Fundão tailings dam burst in 2015, people living in the traditional communities of Degredo and Povoação — which are quilombos, or traditional communities founded by escaped enslaved people during the colonial period — have been living with contaminated water, lost income and fishing limitations.
- The communities are reporting health problems, an inability to grow crops and psychological impacts related to the mud from mining tailings that contaminated the mouth of the Rio Doce.
- A new reparations agreement has been made but a definitive solution for water supply and environmental recuperation remains uncertain.
LINHARES, Espírito Santo, Brazil — A yellow mark stains the blue water tank sitting in the front yard of Lucimar Dias dos Santos Silva’s home. The same color, at times more intense, sometimes comes out of the faucets inside the house, or the neighbors’ water well. Lucimar, known as Preta to her friends, was born and raised in Povoação, a district of the municipality of Linhares in Brazil’s state of Espírito Santo. Her village is called Brejo Grande.
For as long as she can remember, Preta has lived with flooding in Brejo Grande, when water covers the road, invades homes and isolates the people who live here. But after the burst Fundão tailings dam in Mariana, Minas Gerais, in 2015, water problems have taken on a new meaning, shattering her life and those of the people living in the quilombos along the mouth of the Rio Doce.
Located 37 kilometers (23 miles) from the Linhares urban area, Brejo Grande can only be accessed by dirt road. It lies on the northern side of the mouth of the Rio Doce and is bordered by 24 lakes. The last official census made by the the Brazilian Institute of Geography and Statistics) counted a total population of 3,274 in Povoação, 1,800 of whom are Quilombolas — descendants of escaped enslaved people who established the communities in the colonial period — according to a report by the Povoação Traditional Quilombola Community.
The landscape in Brejo Grande is one of vast fields dotted by small houses. Clear days bring scorching sun that bakes the soil without shade. Preta’s house lies on a rough dirt road. Looking in one direction, there is a stand of trees and, looking in the other, grassy terrain as far as the eye can see. A few trees in her back yard provide shade, and her vegetable garden today has nothing but a boldo plant and a chamomile plant. Lucimar says that since the mud came, the rest of the plants in her garden do not come up anymore.
The well water that comes out of the faucets and the shower inside is salty. Sometimes, it smells bad and leaves an oily sensation on the skin. Lucimar says when this happens, people’s skin here becomes itchy and irritated.
Preta’s family prefers to get their drinking and cooking water from the neighbor’s well, which at least does not smell bad or taste like salt but is still yellow at times. Buying bottled drinking water is not an option because there isn’t enough money. “We either buy water or go hungry,” she explains. After the Mariana disaster and the resulting contamination of the water at the mouth of the Rio Doce, she lost her profession of fisherwoman and now has to depend on her husband’s income as a workhand on different farms in the region.
When it burst, the Fundão tailings dam, which belonged to Samarco (whose shareholders are Vale S.A. and BHP Billiton) was holding 50 million cubic meters (1.8 billion cubic feet) of mining rejects mostly composed of iron oxide and silica.
But a technical report by IBAMA, Brazil’s federal environmental agency, on the disaster says the force and volume of the mud “probably stirred up and suspended sediment from the bottoms of the affected waterways, which, because of their use throughout history and according the literature, already contained heavy metals.”
The mud finally reached Linhares, 500 km (310 mi) away at the mouth of the Rio Doce, two weeks later on Nov. 21, 2015. It affected two remaining quilombos in the region: Degredo and Povoação. The Renegotiation Agreement signed by Samarco in October 2024, recognized that both communities were affected. The agreement provides for the payment of 488.5 million reais ($88.6 million) to Povoação and 98.6 million reais ($18 million) to Degredo in compensation and reparation of collective damages caused by the disaster in Mariana.
Water supply woes
The people living 20 km (12.4 mi) away from the mouth of the Rio Doce in Degredo are also dealing with water quality issues, but they have been receiving mineral water from Samarco since 2018. Each person receives 15 liters (4 gallons) of water a day, as declared by the Interfederative Committee (CIF) that was responsible for directing Samarco’s reparation measures until creation of the Renegotiation Agreement.
But these 15 l are not enough to carry out a day’s activities, and local water must still be used — like it is in Povoação — usually from wells dug by the people who live there.
A technical note from the Indigenous, Peoples and Communities Technical Council (CT-IPCT), which is part of the CIF, justified the demand based on the “unsuitability of the water coming out of the faucets in their homes for human consumption.”
At the time, Samarco argued that the poor water quality in Degredo had nothing to do with the disaster in Mariana. But the people living there reported that after the Mariana disaster, their water changed in color, and they felt negative effects after using it. While it did not deny the CIF’s declaration (which initially stipulated a supply of 5 l (1.3 gal) of water per person per day), the Renova Foundation — the organization responsible for managing the repair of damages caused by the dam’s rupture — did not begin supplying water within the time frame established by the committee. The committee, in turn, imposed a 280,000 reais ($50,800) fine on the foundation.
Requesting to have the fine lifted and to be responsible for only 5 l of water per person per day instead of 15, Samarco successfully obtained a ruling in the federal court ending its obligation to provide water to the community.
This held until September 2022 when a decision by the Regional Federal Court of the First Region (TRF-1) established that the Renova Foundation was to again assume its obligation because “the precautionary principle teaches of the need to address risks and, even without scientific certainty, requires proactive measures to protect human health from the consumption of unsafe water, rendering conclusive proof unnecessary.”
The 2024 Renegotiation Agreement extinguished the lawsuit and established that Samarco would provide water for human consumption until it implements a water supply system in Degredo.
As it only received its official certification as a remaining quilombo in August 2024, Povoação was not eligible for any of the mineral water provided to Quilombolas — the descendants of those who established the quilombos — in the district. When the community was recognized by the CIF in October of 2024 as having been affected by the disaster, it was determined that the Renova Foundation should begin immediately to provide water for consumption to the community. Unfortunately, the committee was disbanded shortly after the Renegotiation Agreement was signed.
Povoação has public water supply, but Walkimar Bispo Rodrigues, the community leader who led the process of certifying his community as a remaining quilombo, says the supply reaches only the center of the village and does not reach the surrounding areas. Those living in the district visited by Mongabay confirmed that they rely on well water or purchase mineral water.
The definitive solution in Degredo will be a Water Supply System based on deep wells slated to be dug starting at the end of this year and finishing in 2027. Once the work is completed, the system will be operated by the Linhares Autonomous Water and Sewage Service (SAAE).
In December 2018, the CIF determined that the Renova Foundation needed to present a definitive solution for water supply in Delgado. The case, however, was delayed repeatedly, according to a technical note from the CT-IPCT.
The deadline for the basic project, which would include planning for the works, was June 14, 2019, which was repeatedly pushed off until July 2020. Finally, in April 2022, then-mayor of Linhares Bruno Marianelli and Renova Foundation’s president André de Freitas singed the Cooperation Agreement for carrying out the works for the Water Supply System funded by a 10 million reais ($1.8 million) investment by Renova.
Once this phase was concluded, negotiations began between the Renova Foundation and the SAAE. Slow progress in completing the water supply system resulted, in April 2024, in a decision imposing deadlines for Renova to demonstrate the progress of the works. The Renegotiation Agreement also calls for installation of the Degredo system.
The Espírito Santo Public Prosecutor’s Office clarifies that, in the case of Povoação, Samarco should fully complete the engineering plans necessary to carry out improvements on the Water Treatment Plant, build an alternate water collection system and implement a Residue Treatment Unit. Funding for the three projects should be transferred to the City Hall.
Water quality in Degredo and Povoação
A study from March 2018 on the Quilombola Component of the Degredo Remaining Quilombo Community (ECQ Degredo), carried out by Herkenhoff & Prates consulting, includes analysis of the water in the Rio Ipiranga — which runs through the community — of the underground water that fills wells and of lakes in the region. The analysis found higher than normal iron levels in the water but pointed out that there could be many causes for this.
The region has been under environmental pressure since before the Mariana disaster due to mining along the Rio Doce and farming. The document highlights that there are no data prior to the Mariana event for comparison and that only low levels of other elements associated with mining rejects like manganese and chrome were detected. It was later concluded that the Mariana disaster worsened the already poor water quality in Degredo but was not the only factor.
An analysis presented by the Renova Foundation in a CT-IPCT meeting in January 2019 showed that 34 of the 128 wells sampled in Degredo were contaminated with arsenic.
In another analysis, this one from the human health risk study in areas affected by the Fundão dam rupture, carried out by Ambios Engenharia e Processos Ltda, lead levels in ground water were above those established by the Ministry of Health as safe for human consumption. The study also detected excess iron and manganese in the groundwater in both Degredo and Povoação.
Iron and manganese are fundamental for human body function, but they can be harmful to human health at high levels. Iron is harmful to the stomach and intestines and causes vomiting, nausea and abdominal pain. An excess of manganese tends to accumulate in the pancreas, liver, bones, kidneys and, mostly, the brain. There have been cases of excess manganese associated with cirrhosis of the liver and symptoms similar to Parkinson’s disease.
“The conclusions and recommendations on the health risks to the people exposed may seem extremely conservative depending on the interests of the different groups involved because they can overestimate the risk. However, it should be taken into consideration that these populations are exposed to one or more pollutants substances by numerous pathways, over different periods of time,” the study affirms.
In Povoação, the analysis showed the presence of antimony and cadmium in household dust and cadmium in topsoil, both above the acceptable levels established by the National Environment Council (CONAMA).
Heavy metals in the river and the sea
Data on the contamination of the Rio Doce and its coastal region also tend to vary. A study published in 2023 concluded that the region around the mouth of the Rio Doce had recuperated from the disaster a little less than two years after the dam ruptured.
The study, which was funded by BHP Billiton, one of Samarco’s shareholders, used data from the Quali-Quantitative Systematic Water and Sediment Monitoring Program (PMQQS), one of the mandatory programs that Samarco uses to systematically monitor water quality along the Rio Doce basin. The monitoring includes river samples extending from the marine and estuary zones as well as lakes. It analyzes 100 physical, chemical and biological parameters.
As there are no historical data on Rio Doce water quality, the article’s authors compared data from the river with data from other coastal river systems in the region. According to the findings, by October 2017, the water quality in the regions affected by the mining tailings mud was already the same as in unimpacted areas.
Even earlier than that date, samples exceeding CONAMA’s established levels for heavy metals were the exception and were also not significantly higher than those values established by the agency, the study reports. The researchers conclude that the effects of the dam rupture considered to be short-lived did not affect ocean water quality.
Another article on the Rio Doce shows that the water quality in the basin has improved since the disaster, but that the contamination there is still harmful to life. Published this year in the journal Environmental Pollution, the study was not based on water but rather on the organisms present at different levels of the food chain.
The data from this study came from another activity called for in the Transaction and Conduct Adjustment Agreement, which is the Aquatic Biodiversity Monitoring Program (PMBA), whose role is to evaluate the impacts of the rupture on species in the ecosystem.
In the study, the authors used PMBA indices based on water and sediment samples from different locations in the Rio Doce basin and on the response of laboratory organisms when placed in contact with these samples. Based on these results, toxicity was determined on a scale including not toxic, slightly toxic, moderately toxic, toxic and highly toxic.
The study was based on samples collected between 2018 and 2023. The last two sample sets in the coastal regions and nearby the mouth of the river showed results including slightly toxic and not toxic. The first samplings showed contamination levels of moderately toxic and toxic.
The article’s main author, Camila Martins, is a professor in the Rio Grande Federal University’s Post Graduate Program in Physiological Sciences. She says the study does not show that the Rio Doce is the same as it was before the disaster, but that there was indeed a drop in toxicity between samples.
In an interview with Mongabay, Martins also pointed out that even low levels of toxicity have aggressive effects on organisms, causing problems with growth, reproduction, development and fertility.
In the last report released by the PMBA — a program that encompasses only the part of the Rio Doce basin located inside Espirito Santo and the maritime zone between Guarapari and the Abrolhos Archipelago — the findings were that the bodies of water are under pressure due to mining, urbanization and agriculture, and that the dam rupture worsened that pressure, “resulting in substantial changes in the abiotic and biotic parameters of the land and aquatic ecosystems.” The mouth of the river evidenced the highest levels of toxicity, especially in its sediments.
Adalto Bianchini, who is also part of the PMBA and professor in the Rio Grande Federal University’s Post Graduate Program in Physiological Sciences, explains that because they live in a transition zone between freshwater and saltwater, the organisms living at the mouth of the river already live under natural stresses.
In addition, the environment tends to undergo constant re-contamination. “The river tries to send the contaminants out to sea because obviously every river runs into the sea. Except that the ocean also tends to act on the coastal region. So it also has the tendency to return these contaminants to the region. It’s sort of a back-and-forth movement,” he explains. The same ocean water also partly sinks underground.
Bianchini and Martins say that evaluating water quality based merely on its chemical composition is not enough because values can vary greatly over a short period of time and do not show how organisms respond to the water. During drought periods, for example, contaminants that don’t break down like heavy metals tend to mix with the sediment but, during periods with rainfall, they are suspended and diluted in the water.
Bianchini is critical of the comparison of the chemical composition of water from the Rio Doce basin with that from other rivers like in the article based on the PMQQS, funded by BHP Billiton. “The physio-chemical properties of one basin are different from those of others because the soil is different and the biological material that grows there is different.”
She explains that factors like the reduction in toxicity presented in Martins’ article and the drop-off in impact as one moves away from the river mouth, where the contaminants are concentrated, show the causal link between the Mariana disaster and the water’s contamination.
When asked about the quality of the water in the Rio Doce, the Espírito Santo State Water Resources Agency saidthe state has been following the PMQQS data, “which have shown that the quality of the water in the Rio Doce varies according to dry and rainy seasons throughout the years, meaning it is not possible to confirm that the parameters are equivalent to the values found in the period prior to the collapse of the Fundão dam.”
The agency also points out that because it is federally controlled, the Rio Doce is the responsibility of the National Water Agency, which did not respond to Mongabay’s inquiries.
No fish
Fishing has been prohibited since a court decision in February 2018 to a depth of at least 25 m (82 ft) in the area stretching from Aracruz in the Rio Doce estuary region to the Degredo coast. Fishing activity will be able to resume two years after the Renegotiation Agreement.
According to the Degredo ECQ, of the 147 income units in the community—income units are a parameter used by the study that takes into account different income providers in the same household —, 95.2% (or 140) included someone who fished before the dam rupture.
In 132 income units, fishing was for household consumption and in 117, fish were sold to the market. The ECQ evaluates that the greatest impact brought by the disaster was losing the ability to fish. Even the fish caught before the mud arrived were devalued and had to be sold at lower prices.
The fishing population has a right to Emergency Financial Aid (AFE) as compensation for the financial losses in Degredo and Povoação. For those whose incomes were impacted because of the disaster, the aid amounts to one minimum salary wage plus 20% for each dependent. The people living in the quilombos, however, say that the aid is not enough to compensate for the money they earned from fishing before the mud came.
Even though is no similar study on the village of Povoação, the community also relied heavily on fishing before.
Pedro Costa lives in Degredo, is cultural leader of the Association of Fishermen, Extractivists and the Remaining Quilombo of Degredo (ASPERQD). At his home, fishing nets and tools hang on the walls and in trees. With rectangular glasses, a dark moustache and calloused hands, Costa doesn’t hold back when telling stories about his community—after all, he is the grandson of Degredo’s patriarch, Atalino Leite.
According to the ECQ, which based its findings on accounts from residents, Atalino arrived at the current community on a raft around 1800 after escaping from a farm in São Mateus. The city, which for decades had been the economic hub of northern Espírito Santo, had a population composed of 50% enslaved Black people in the first half of the 19th century.
Costa says that when the mud came, it was “the saddest thing that has ever happened in our lives”. He learned to make fishing nets from his mother and to fish with his older brothers when he was 13 years old. Later, he passed this knowledge on to his children. But illegalizing fishing has made it difficult to pass this knowledge on to the younger generations.
He explains that fishing in waters deeper than 25 meters (82 feet) is impossible for someone like him with a small, motorized fishing boat. “[Water that deep] is located about 3 km [1.9 mi] offshore in the open ocean. What if you get out there and have trouble with your motor on the open sea?” he asks.
People are also eating less fish, once a month or so, according to surveys. The Degredo ECQ questionnaire showed that before the disaster, 47% of income units consumed fish frequently, on a weekly basis. After the mud came, no responses indicated frequent consumption.
Marcilene Penha de Jesus, one of the local leaders who participated in the creation of ASPERQD’s Independent Technical Advisory Board and Pedro Costa’s daughter-in-law, says the community is aware of the risks of consuming fish, but it is impossible to completely ban the habit.
After the dam burst, she says, “I didn’t want to see any fish inside my home.” She was not a professional fisherperson, but over time she began understanding how hard-hit the fishers were. “When I heard people at work talking, I began to understand that the culture of eating fish is very strong and that it’s very hard [to stop],” she says.
Oil that sticks to the soil
Elizabete Leite Monteiro used to be a rubber tapper in Brejo Grande, Povoação. She says farming was a way to supplement that income: She would raise plants to produce flour, beans, fruit pulp, pumpkins and okra and sell them door-to-door in the community.
In September 2023, she quit her job as a rubber tapper in hopes of being able to live off what she produced in her garden but ended up relying on the income she got from the AFE. Today, she manages to sell cocoa from time to time.
“These days, [when] you go to water the garden, the water leaves a sort of oil in the soil,” she says. The earth has changed. The graviola trees that her father planted have died, and the new ones Monteiro planted did not survive. The banana plants are weak and the passion fruit vines have been nearly impossible to keep alive. It seems the plants that do survive produce at a much slower rate.
“[You] plant beans and they come up really well, but when they start to blossom, they begin to wilt. … You pull up the plant and it’s simply dying underground. It happens from the bottom up,” she says. The culprit seems to be the water coming out of the faucets because she recalls a chayote plant that grew well when it was only receiving rainwater. When the dry period came, she had to water it with water from the faucets, and the plant died.
Having to buy fruits and vegetables that she used to grow in her own yard means financial hardship in an already tight situation. Today, Monteiro has to buy the beans, pumpkin and okra that she eats.
Difficulties with the land have also dampened local culture and made popular knowledge harder to maintain. Some medicinal herbs, whose use had already been reduced by the increased consumption of industrialized medicines, no longer grow as they did before the mud came.
But the people in Degredo and Povoação still believe in the effectiveness of these plants against diseases. Some are able to list what each one is used for: joão-brandim (Piper ottonoides Yuncker) for toothache, passion fruit (Passiflora) leaf for headache and cipó-cravo (Tyanthus elegans) for men and women with sexual problems. In Degredo, 56% of income-generating units cultivate these plants for making teas, infusions and baths.
Since the mud came, beekeeping has also changed. Pedro Costa used to be known in Degredo as Pedro do Mel (Honey Pete) because of his product. Beekeeping is practiced by 14.2% of the income units in Degredo, but Costa says the water has also damaged the bees.
He has been keeping bees for 23 years. Before the mud came, Costa kept 85 hives. Today there are just 16. Some of the bees died and others flew away “because they can also tell that something is going to harm them.” He recalls how he managed to support himself just by selling honey during a phase when he had lost his job before the mud came. His product became famous because of its quality, and he didn’t even need to leave home to sell it because people come outside the community to buy it.
Families in Degredo also raise animals, mostly for their own consumption. Information from the ECQ says that 60.8% raise fowl, 30.4% raise pigs and 23.7%, cattle. Costa also kept a few chickens, but the eggs started to come out spoiled and the cows on his property began having miscarriages.
The relationship between arsenic and itchy skin
Nearly all the people here talk about how their skin itches after bathing in the piped-in water. They attribute this to contaminated water after the mud came. They also speak of stomach problems and nausea. Marcilene Penha de Jesus says children and the elderly are more susceptible to skin problems.
She uses the water Samarco provides to bathe her 2-year-old son. But sometimes when she is distracted, he comes into contact with water from the faucet and gets bumps on his skin.
Interim coordinator of the Independent Technical Advisory Service ASPERQD in Degredo, Luciana Andrade Jorge Oliveira says there are few studies on the relationship between the disaster and the population’s health conditions, and that the issue has not been appropriately addressed.
One of the few studies on the topic was done by the USP Ribeirão Preto School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, when researchers collected hair, blood and urine samples from populations at the mouth of the Rio Doce and in the city of São Mateus in Espírito Santo. They also analyzed the water, the food and fish consumed in the two regions.
Degredo was not part of the study, but the Povoação district was. According to Ana Carolina Paulelli’s Ph.D. thesis, which was based on the data from these samples, 99% of the 300 blood samples contain arsenic when compared with biomonitoring in other parts of Brazil. Urine samples showed arsenic in 19% and, in the most extreme cases, reached levels 93 times higher than those deemed safe.
In addition, 47% of the urine samples had nickel levels above those obtained by other studies. High concentrations of arsenic and nickel are known to cause skin problems, the study says, which recorded a 36% incidence of skin problems after conducting 315 surveys.
Arsenic is potentially toxic and has no function in the body. Over the long term, it is associated with skin cancer, changes in skin pigmentation, pregnancy problems and infant mortality.
Food samples indicated arsenic concentrations in fish, crustaceans and mollusks consumed by the population that exceeded the levels recommended by ANVISA, the Brazilian Health Regulatory Agency. These products also showed mercury levels close to the limit. Crustaceans had high average levels of iron and manganese.
Urine samples showed high levels of barium in 20% and lead in 6%. Barium mostly damages the kidneys, while lead is neurotoxic and affects memory, cognitive ability and is associated with mental disorders and antisocial behavior.
Hair samples were used to reconstruct a retrospective of possible contamination of the population. Longer strands of hair provided clues to the more distant past, allowing researchers to observe a peak in contamination shortly after the disaster.
Between November and December 2015, samples showed an increase of arsenic, aluminum, mercury, nickel, lead, manganese and chromium, followed by a sudden drop.
There were also impacts on mental health. Lucimar Dias dos Santos Silva links her diagnosis of anxiety and depression to the tailings dam disaster. She has been taking medication for these disorders for a year now. In Paulelli’s doctoral thesis, psychological symptoms were the most frequently cited, and 63% of the surveys taken in Povoação reported them.
Silva says she is afflicted with financial issues, psychological problems — which also affect other members of her family — and contaminated water. “Our life is over. Would you like to live in a place where there is no water to drink?”
There is a public health clinic in the center of Povoação but because it is far away, Silva prefers to go to the support center set up in Brejo Grande every 15 days when she needs to see a doctor. That center is a 30-minute drive away. In Degredo, the nearest health clinic is 13 km (8 mi) away.
Samarco’s response
When questioned by Mongabay about the impacts in the communities of Degredo and Povoação, Samarco, the company responsible for the burst tailings dam in Fundão, sent the following response:
“The New Rio Doce Agreement provides for the transfer of R$ 488,533,500.00 for compensation and reparation of any collective damages caused by the collapse of the Fundão dam to the quilombola community of Povoação.” This amount includes different types of support: emergency financial assistance and investments in structural actions and measures aimed at transforming the local reality.
With the help of a consultation process to be conducted by the federal government, the community will be able to decide whether it wishes to be bound by the terms of the New Rio Doce Agreement, and, if so, will decide on the allocation of resources, in a self-management model with collaborative governance by the public authorities. This consultation is scheduled to take place within 18 months after the judicial approval of the New Agreement, which occurred in November 2024.
It is important to clarify that the agreement does not define specific works such as the construction of a Water Supply System for the Povoação community. If, after the consultation process, the community chooses to adhere to the terms of the New Agreement, it may allocate part of the resources to projects such as the supply of drinking water as well as the installation of artesian wells and cisterns, according to its needs and priorities.
In addition, the New Agreement foresees a total investment of 11 billion reais ($1.9 billion) in sanitation works in the Rio Doce basin, and the municipality of Linhares, where Povoação is located, is included among those that may receive these compensatory funds.
Banner image: Mud carrying mining rejects from the ruptured Fundão dam entered the Rio Doce in December 2015. Image by Aregio via Wikimedia Commons (CC BY-SA 4.0).
Citation:
Negin Kananizadeh, Michael Wild, Jacob Oehrig, William Odle, Shahrokh Rouhani, Determining recovery of marine water quality of the Rio Doce using statistical and temporal comparisons with nearby river systems, Integrated Environmental Assessment and Management, Volume 20, Issue 1, 1 January 2024, Pages 99–116, https://doi.org/10.1002/ieam.4818
T.O.M. Lopes, C.R. Silveira, J.A. Silva, T. Guedes, R.A. Tavella, R.C. Rola, J.A. Marques, C.E.D. Vieira, A. Bianchini, C.M.G. Martins. A six-year ecotoxicological assessment of the Doce river and coastal marine areas impacted by the Fundão tailings dam failure, Brazil Environ. Pollut., 371 (2025), Article 125897,10.1016/j.envpol.2025.125897
This article was first published here in Portuguese on Nov. 25, 2025.
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