- All snow leopards were believed to belong to one monotypic species, Panthera uncia, prior to the present study.
- Though the cats’ range is immense, extending across 1.6 million square kilometers (more than 600,000 square miles) and 12 Asian countries, while also being largely inaccessible to humans, as it includes some of the highest and coldest mountain ranges in the world, hunting and poaching still pose such a serious threat to snow leopards that an estimated population of just 3,500 to 7,000 individuals remains in the wild today.
- After performing the first-ever range-wide genetic survey of snow leopards, researchers determined that there are three primary “genetic clusters” of the big cats, each of which qualifies as its own subspecies.
New research published in the Journal of Heredity suggests that there are three subspecies of snow leopard, which researchers say could create new conservation opportunities for the elusive species that inhabits remote, high-altitude habitat across Central and South Asia.
All snow leopards were believed to belong to one monotypic species, Panthera uncia, prior to the present study. Though the cats’ range is immense, extending across 1.6 million square kilometers (more than 600,000 square miles) and 12 Asian countries, while also being largely inaccessible to humans, as it includes some of the highest and coldest mountain ranges in the world, hunting and poaching still pose such a serious threat to snow leopards that an estimated population of just 3,500 to 7,000 individuals remains in the wild today.
Because of the forbidding terrain they call home, snow leopards are the last of the big cat species — which also includes jaguars, leopards, lions, and tigers — to have been subjected to a subspecies assessment. A research team led by Dr. Jan E. Janecka, a professor of biological science at Duquesne University in Pittsburgh, PA, conducted the first range-wide genetic assessment of snow leopards by analyzing the DNA in scat samples collected on wildlife trails and other areas frequented by the cats.
Janecka and team determined that there are three primary “genetic clusters” of snow leopards, each of which qualifies as its own subspecies: a Northern subspecies in the Altai region, a Central subspecies in the core Himalaya and Tibetan Plateau regions, and the Western subspecies in the Pamir, Tian Shan, and trans-Himalaya mountain ranges.
“Accordingly, we recognize 3 subspecies, Panthera uncia irbis (Northern group), Panthera uncia uncia (Western group), and Panthera uncia uncioides (Central group) based upon genetic distinctness, low levels of admixture, unambiguous population assignment, and geographic separation,” Janecka and his co-authors write in the study. “The patterns of variation were consistent with desert-basin ‘barrier effects’ of the Gobi isolating the northern subspecies (Mongolia), and the trans-Himalaya dividing the central (Qinghai, Tibet, Bhutan, and Nepal) and western subspecies (India, Pakistan, Tajikistan, and Kyrgyzstan).”
The researchers also discovered, based on their DNA analysis, that snow leopards experienced what’s called a “genetic bottleneck” or “population bottleneck” about 8,000 years ago, meaning their population size and genetic diversity were greatly reduced at a time when the Tibetan Plateau was significantly warmer and the tree-line was shifting to higher elevations. This finding might suggest that snow leopards are particularly sensitive to climate change, the researchers said.
The snow leopard is listed as Endangered on the IUCN Red List.
Because about 40 percent of the species’ global range straddles international borders, snow leopard conservation requires collaboration between multiple countries. In fact, the range for each of the three new snow leopard subspecies proposed by Janecka and team crosses at least one border, demonstrating the need for international cooperation to protect the cats, the researchers added.
The 12 countries that contain some part of the snow leopard’s global range — Afghanistan, Bhutan, China, India, Kazakhstan, Kyrgyzstan, Mongolia, Nepal, Pakistan, Russia, Tajikistan, and Uzbekistan — have already created an initiative called the Global Snow Leopard & Ecosystem Protection Program (GSLEP), with the goal of protecting 20 landscapes by 2020, each of which is meant to be capable of harboring at least 100 breeding pairs of snow leopards.
While their work will help scientists to better understand snow leopard evolution and ecology, Janecka and team say that they hope it will also aid GSLEP in conferring protected status on key areas of the cat’s range as quickly as possible and implementing other conservation measures that take into account the genetic distinctness of the three subspecies.
According to Dr. Rodney Jackson, founder and director of the Snow Leopard Conservancy in Sonoma, California and a co-author of the study, the “results from our genetics study help us better understand how snow leopard populations are connected and could benefit from strategically-targeted conservation actions to ensure continued genetic interchange.”
CITATION
- Janecka, J. E., Yu-guang, Z., Di-qiang, L., Munkhtsog, B., Bayaraa, M., Galsandorj, N., … & Zhi, L. (2017). Range-Wide Snow Leopard Phylogeography Supports Three Subspecies. Journal of Heredity. doi:10.1093/jhered/esx044
