Total profit from environmental crime may exceed $200 billion per year
Deforestation has many harmful consequences, from loss of wildlife habitat to degradation of water and air quality, and many more. Now, a new report adds another repercussion to the list: the funding of terrorist groups and other crime networks.
Entitled “The Environmental Crime Crisis” and released last week by the United Nations Environment Programme (UNEP) during the first United Nations Environment Assembly in Nairobi, Kenya, the report found that together with other other illicit operations such as poaching, illegal deforestation is one of the top money-makers for criminal groups like Boko Haram and Al-Shabaab.
Burundi peacekeepers prepare for next rotation to Somalia to fight Al-Shabaab insurgents. Photo by US Army Africa.
The report pegged the total worth of environmental crime, including logging, fishing, mining, wildlife trafficking, and waste, at $70 billion to $213 billion per year. Illegal logging alone was worth between $30 billion to $100 billion annually, while wildlife trafficking was worth $7 billion to $23 billion. As if the situation weren’t nightmarish already, organized criminals, militias, and terrorist groups reaped a significant amount of this ill-gotten lucre, especially in some African countries.
In many parts of the world, wood smugglers are not prosecuted as stringently as wildlife poachers. Unlike dealing in illegal drugs, piracy, or wildlife crime, the probability of getting caught and convicted is low, while profits are high. Even worse, many conflict zones are in the vicinity of forests where governments have little reach. Illegal timber trade is a made-to-order industry for criminal and armed gangs.
In parts of Africa, trees are often burnt to make charcoal. Some armed gangs plunder trees even from protected areas in countries like Tanzania, Uganda, and the Democratic Republic of Congo (DRC). Others levy tax – up to 30 percent of the sale value of the burnt wood – at road blocks. In the DRC, militias make $14 million to $50 million per year from taxes. Trade in charcoal is suspected to fund the operations of the terrorist organization, Boko Haram, made infamous most recently for the abduction of more than 200 girls from a school in the eastern part of Nigeria.
In Somalia, the Al-Shabaab militant group makes an estimated $8 million to $18 million per year from just one road block in Badhadhe District, Lower Juba Region. Such road tax on charcoal shipments appears to be the militant group’s primary income.
A report issued by the United Nations Security Council Committee’s Monitoring Group on Somalia and Eritrea notes charcoal produced from the aromatic wood of Acacia trees (Acacia bussei) is a sought-after luxury item for grilling meat in Dubai, Oman, Saudi, and Yemen. Kismayo, a key seaport in Al-Shabaab territory in southern Somalia, is especially renowned for high-quality charcoal.
According to Global Forest Watch, Somalia lost 7,554 hectares of forest between 2001 and 2012, equaling approximately 0.02 percent of its total land area. While that may not seem like much loss, Somalia’s total illicit charcoal export is estimated to be worth $360 million to $384 million per year.
After Brazil, the DRC has the world’s largest intact swath of tropical forest. But logging has reduced it by six million hectares over the past 13 years. Map courtesy of Global Forest Watch. Click to enlarge.
The UNEP report notes plundering of forests for charcoal production deprives these countries of $1.9 billion per year in potential revenue, and the demand for charcoal is expected to only grow in the future. By 2050, estimates predict the population of Africa will increase by 1.1 billion, and the demand for charcoal may triple to 90.8 million tons per year.
While trade in charcoal appears to be restricted to within the neighborhoods of its countries of origin, wood pulp has a global market.
Of all the suspected illegal tropical wood entering the U.S. and E.U., 62 to 86 percent arrives in the form of paper, pulp, and wood chips. Once wood is processed into pulp, only laboratory analysis of fibers can reveal the species of tree and country of origin. To further confound authorities, illegally obtained pulp is often mixed with legally produced plantation wood.
The report recalls that Charles Taylor, the former President of Liberia and a convicted war criminal, funded his country’s civil war with timber. Similarly, logging fueled the Khmer Rouge rule of terror in Cambodia.
Forest crime benefits cohorts of armed militias and terrorist groups. If they suffer military defeat, their economic clout enables them to regroup and resurface. They buy arms and get advanced training, enabling them to undertake larger and more complicated military operations. They take control of roads, rivers, ports, and border crossings, where taxes offer a significant source of income. Conflicts near forested areas can destroy natural resources and cause severe human rights abuses.
While little is happening to change the situation in Africa, Latin America offers a brighter picture. Since monitoring began in 1988, Brazil enjoyed the sharpest decline in deforestation in the world in 2012, a reduction of 64 to 78 percent.
Brazil’s deforestation has slowed somewhat in recent years. However, in 2012 alone, 2.5 million hectares were felled. Map courtesy of Global Forest Watch. Click to enlarge.
According to a study published in Science earlier this month, Brazil lost less than 500,000 hectares in 2012. To put that in perspective, the country’s average annual rate of deforestation hovered around two million hectares between 1996 and 2005, representing the loss of an area of forest the size of Israel or the U.S. state of Massachusetts every year. Global Forest Watch figures show a loss of about 36,028,000 hectares between 2001 and 2013, representing more than four percent of Brazil’s total land area.
This dramatic improvement was the result of coordinated enforcement, using satellite imagery and targeted police operations, as well as large-scale engagement with communities in REDD+ and other initiatives. However, in 2013, Brazil’s rate of forest loss rose slightly to 600,000 hectares.
In 2013, a coordinated effort by INTERPOL resulted in the seizure of 292,000 cubic meters (11 million cubic feet) of wood and wood products in Costa Rica and Venezuela. The volume of wood seized was equivalent to 19,500 truckloads and worth about $40 million.
Indonesia, the country currently experiencing the largest percentage of forest loss in the world, is also combating environmental crime. Trained by the United Nations Office of Drugs and Crime, investigators prosecuted a suspected timber smuggler from West Papua on money laundering charges; $127 million passed through his account. In May 2014, he was sentenced to eight years in prison.
The “Environmental Crime Crisis” concludes by stating the urgent need for much more to be done. It recommends that countries take certain measures to reduce their rates of crime-induced deforestation in the long-term, including acknowledging the threats forest crimes pose to sustainable development, promoting consumer awareness to reduce demand, and strengthening certification programs and legislation. In the short-term, the report underlines the importance of sharply increasing the scale and coordination of operations to tackle illegal logging.
Indonesia has lost six million acres of forest since 2001, a level of deforestation that is equivalent to nearly 10 percent of its total land area. Map courtesy of Global Forest Watch. Click to enlarge.
Citations:
- Nellemann, C., Henriksen, R., Raxter, P., Ash, N., Mrema, E. (Eds). 2014. The Environ mental Crime Crisis – Threats to Sustainable Development from Illegal Exploitation and Trade in Wildlife and Forest Resources. A UNEP Rapid Response Assessment. United Nations Environment Programme and GRID-Arendal, Nairobi and Arendal, www.grida.no
Related articles
Despite moratorium, Indonesia now has world’s highest deforestation rate
(06/29/2014) Despite a high-level pledge to combat deforestation and a nationwide moratorium on new logging and plantation concessions, deforestation has continued to rise in Indonesia, according to a new study published in Nature Climate Change. Annual forest loss in the southeast Asian nation is now the highest in the world, exceeding even Brazil.
Is REDD+ bad for wildlife? New study says lowland forest protection bias unfair, urges change
(06/27/2014) A study published this week found tree cover does not necessarily correlate with habitat importance. It suggests that using such a metric may be leading to false assumptions of habitat importance, and that REDD+ and other carbon-centric conservation programs may actually be propelling some species towards extinction.
Is Cameroon becoming the new Indonesia? Palm oil plantations accelerating deforestation
(06/25/2014) The potential for new laws governing the use of forest resources this year in Cameroon promises an opportunity to stem the rapid loss of forest in the biologically diverse country. But the changes may ultimately not be what’s needed to save Cameroon’s forests.
Size matters: small animals abundant in fragmented forests, large animals not
(06/25/2014) Habitat fragmentation and hunting are both distinct critical issues facing forests today that require their own countermeasures. Yet, much research has chosen to conflate the two, potentially leading to ineffective ecosystem management. According to a new study, the interaction of both factors can contradict the effects of hunting and fragmentation alone, revealing a research and management gap that urgently needs to be filled.
Logging in Vietnam still affecting rare trees 30 years later
(06/25/2014) Restricted geographic ranges, high habitat specificity, and small local population sizes all contribute to the natural rarity of many tree species. Anthropogenic activities such as selective logging can compound this rarity by modifying habitats and altering the competitive balance among tree species. According to a new study, previous logging in the forests of Vietnam continue to put rare tree species at risk.
Discarded cell phones to help fight rainforest poachers, loggers in real-time
(06/24/2014) A technology that uses discarded mobile phones to create a real-time alert system against logging and poaching will soon be deployed in the endangered rainforests of Central Africa. Rainforest Connection (RFCx), a San Francisco-based non-profit startup, is partnering with the Zoological Society of London (ZSL) to install its real-time anti-deforestation technology at sites in Cameroon. 30 RFCx devices — recycled from old Android handsets — will monitor 10,000 hectares or nearly 40 square miles of rainforest, listening for audio signals associated with logging and poaching.
Credits
Morgan Erickson-Davis Editor
