Nature Provides Design Template for Human Problems

Nature Provides Design Template for Human Problems

By Jane Sanders

Georgia Institute of Technology

November 1, 2005

Atlanta (October 28, 2005) — Copying the ideas of others is usually frowned upon, but when it comes to the work of Mother Nature, scientists are finding they can use nature as a template.

An interdisciplinary group of scientists and engineers at the Georgia Institute of Technology recently formed the Center for Biologically Inspired Design (CBID) with the goal of capitalizing on the rich source of design solutions present in biological processes. The researchers believe nature can inspire design and engineering solutions that are efficient, practical and sustainable and thus have the potential to greatly enhance new technologies, materials and processes.

“Biology can be a powerful guide to understanding problems in design and engineering,” said Associate Professor of Biology Marc Weissburg, CBID co-director. “In comparative physiology, we teach that every animal has to solve a particular problem to survive, so every animal is a design solution for a particular problem.

“They can provide solutions for more efficient manufacturing and design of materials with new capabilities, for example. These are things the biological world has solved, and if you study them, you have the opportunity to apply that knowledge in the human sector. You can also extend that reasoning to ecological processes. These are guiding principles behind the Georgia Tech Center for Biologically Inspired Design.”

CBID’s mission is to promote world-class interdisciplinary research and education at Georgia Tech in biologically inspired design. CBID researchers also want to communicate to government and industry officials that nature can provide unique design solutions to the problems they must address.

Georgia Tech researchers have observed that when blue crabs get a whiff of odor from potential prey, they will move upstream into the current to pursue the cue. As they navigate, they use their legs as an extended sensing array to steer through the flow toward the odor. Image courtesy of Don Webster and Marc Weissburg at the Georgia Institute of Technology.

Blue crabs appear to perform a cost-benefit analysis in deciding how to position their bodies in response to food odors injected with dye during flume experiments. The crabs position themselves at a large angle relative to the flow so they can better receive chemical signals necessary to easily navigate upstream. This takes a lot of energy because of increased drag force, but they decide it’s worth the effort for the payoff, researchers say. Image courtesy of Don Webster and Marc Weissburg at the Georgia Institute of Technology.

CBID director and Professor of Biology Jeannette Yen began this process with an invited talk on the center’s mission and activities Oct. 29 at the Bioneers Southeast Forum on the Atlanta campus of the Savannah College of Art & Design. This conference is one of 20 similar “town hall” meetings held annually in North America.

Bioneers is a network of citizens, scientists and entrepreneurs that explores practical solutions adapted from natural systems and native cultures and then applies these solutions to fundamental environmental, economic and social challenges. Its long-term goal is to engage leaders in various fields in a conversation and learning process to help them understand the root causes of the region’s economic, social and environmental problems, according to its Website. Then leaders can make decisions based on the long-term impacts on the broader community and the natural environment.

“This is a key invitation for us,” Yen said. “It’s a great opportunity to get connected locally with leaders in the region.”

Yen presented the mission and activities of CBID, which formed this past summer with a three-year internal seed grant. The idea for the center began with discussions between Yen and Weissburg. Weissburg’s interest grew out of his research for the Office of Naval Research on understanding olfactory guidance in crabs. The Navy was interested in this process because it wanted to build autonomous devices with a similar capability, he explained.

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Engineers, scientists, and business people are increasingly turning toward nature for design inspiration. The field of biomimetics, the application of methods and systems, found in nature, to engineering and technology, has spawned a number of innovations far superior to what the human mind alone could have devised. The reason is simple. Nature, through billions of years of trial and error, has produced effective solutions to innumerable complex real-world problems. The rigorous competition of natural selection means waste and efficiency are not tolerated in natural systems, unlike many of the technologies devised by humans.

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DaimlerChrysler is using a new concept vehicle to examine the great potential of bionics for automobile development, and has achieved outstanding results for fuel consumption and emissions with a combination of pioneering diesel engine technology and innovative emission control methods. The Mercedes-Benz bionic car study will have its world premiere at this year’s DaimlerChrysler Innovation Symposium in Washington.

Then, earlier this year, Yen, Weissburg and Professor of Industrial and Systems Engineering Craig Tovey studied with Bioneer and biomimicry expert Janine Benyus for 10 days in Costa Rica.

“We wanted to see how nature does things like gathering and transporting energy, and then see if we can translate those processes for human applications,” Yen said. “Georgia Tech is a great place to do this kind of research. It provides engineers who want to apply their expertise with biologists a new way to design solutions to problems.”

After this experience, the idea for the center developed further with the help of a biological metaphor that of an “invasive” species, with the Center as the new species and Georgia Tech as the established community that is productive and successful.

“Invasive species can have a negative connotation, but we’re not talking about disrupting the community,” Weissburg explained. “We’re talking about augmenting it and adding to its functionality and activity. We used the analogy of a new species trying to fit into a community as a way to think about what our center could do to increase the productivity of the Tech ecosystem.'”

As CBID encourages interaction among its initial 17 members, Yen expects an increase in biomimetic research that is, research in biologically inspired design. Already, however, biomimetic research projects are under way in biosensing, materials design, locomotory devices, systems organization and “green” technology.

Examples include:

Associate Professor of Mechanical Engineering Minami Yoda is developing an auditory retina based on the fish ear.
School of Materials Science and Engineering Professor Ken Sandhage and School of Chemistry and Biochemistry Assistant Professor Nils Kröger explore nanostructure synthesis via the self-assembled, biomineralized template—the marine diatom.
Tovey is designing Web-hosting optimization techniques based on the foraging strategy of honey bees.
Assistant Professor of Applied Physiology Young-Hui Chang and Assistant Professor of Biomedical Engineering Lena Ting use neuro-mechanical control principles derived from animals to engineer prosthetics and robots.

Yen noted that biomimetry even offers inspiration for the way students—and faculty learn. “Like animals, we can learn by playing,” Yen explained. “We’re looking to nature as our template.”

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About Georgia Institute of Technology

The Georgia Institute of Technology is one of the nation’s premiere research universities. Ranked ninth among U.S. News & World Report’s top public universities, Georgia Tech educates more than 17,000 students every year through its Colleges of Architecture, Computing, Engineering, Liberal Arts, Management and Sciences. Tech maintains a diverse campus and is among the nation’s top producers of women and African-American engineers. The Institute offers research opportunities to both undergraduate and graduate students and is home to more than 100 interdisciplinary units plus the Georgia Tech Research Institute. During the 2004-2005 academic year, Georgia Tech reached $357 million in new research award funding.

This is a modified press release from the Georgia Institute of Technology. The original version can be found at http://www.gatech.edu/news-room/release.php?id=684