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Finding from tree studies presented at Brazilia conference Annual Meeting of the Society for Conservation Biology July 26, 2005 Below are papers submitted for the conference. All descriptions are excepts from the official "Book of Abstracts" from the meeting. More abstracts. CIAMPI, ANA Y.; Vieira, Daniel L. M.; Nakasu, Erich T.; Machado, Flavia R. B.; Salomão, Antonieta N.; Sevilha, Anderson C.; Scariot, Aldicir. Laboratório de Genética Vegetal, aciampi((AT))cenargen.embrapa.br (AYC, ETM, FRBM). Laboratório de Ecologia e Conservação (DLMV, ACS, AS). Laboratório de Fisiologia de Sementes (ANS). Embrapa Recursos Genéticos e Biotecnologia, Parque Estação Biológica Final Av. W/5 Norte, Brasília, DF,70.770-900, Caixa Postal 02372, Brazil. Amburana cearensis "umburana" and Cedrella fissilis "cedro" are endangered species because of their valuable timber. Although they are widespread in South America, they have naturally lowdensity populations. In Central Brazil cedro and umburana occur in paths of rich soils that are almost entirely deforested to cattle farms. We implemented a conservation plan in situ and ex situ for these species to maximize the genetic diversity. The area was the Paranã River basin (60,000 km2), a great concentration of rich limestone derived soils region, consequently with high potential density of cedro and umburana and high deforestation rates. We collected seeds and leaves from 96 umburana and 137 cedro trees, at a maximum distance of 190 Km among trees. The adults showed high genetic diversity (0,79 umburana and 0,82 cedro) and were useful to form a bank of germoplasma. Seeds are conserved in cold chambers in EMBRAPA Recursos Genéticos e Biotecnologia; seedlings were planted for a permanent stock in Embrapa experimental station, and in three areas designated to restore the tropical deciduous forest of the Paranã, gently ceded by farm owners. Cedro and umburana are being extinct with their habitats in Central Brazil and only the creation of Reserves can preserve them RELATEDNESS AND MATING STRUCTURE IN THE CERRADO TREE SPECIES, Tabebuia aurea (BIGNONIACEAE). COLLEVATTI, ROSANE G.; Braga, Aline C. Pós- Graduação em Ciências Genômicas e Biotecnologia, Universidade Católica de Brasilia, SGAN916, Mod. B., Brasília, DF. 70790 Brazil, rosanegc((AT))pos.ucb.br. The Cerrado fragmentation has been changing the original landscape affecting population dynamics and long term species viability. We are interested in understanding mating structure and gene flow of the tropical Cerrado tree species Tabebuia aurea, to understand the fragmentation effect on population dynamics, and generate useful information for conservation strategies. At the Ecological Station of Aguas Emendadas leaves of 162 mapped individuals and at least four fruits from 24 adults were sampled. At least eight seeds per fruit were germinated for DNA extraction. All individuals and seeds were genotyped using 11 microsatellite loci. A high and significant inbreeding coefficient showed an excess of homozygotes resulted from mating between closely relati ves. Nevertheless, relatedness analysis indicated that a small number of individuals are closely related, with mean relatedness not significantly different from zero. Additionally, parent-offspring or full-sib pairs were frequently found closely together. The analysis of half-sib families indicated a high outcrossing rate but with a high frequency of mating between nearest pair of individuals. Although this species is pollinated by bumblebees, the big-bang flowering pattern may favour low distance gene flow. The maintenance of large populations may be important for long term species viability, providing pollen from unrelated individuals potentially increasing heterozygosity.XIX Annual Meeting of the Society for Conservation Biology ABSTRACT MONITORING TREE POPULATIONS IN SPECIES RICH FORESTS. Condit, Richard; JOHN, ROBERT; The Center for Tropical Forest Science Working Group. Center for Tropical Forest Science, Smithsonian Tropical Research Institute Unit 0948, APO AA 34002-0948 (RC). Department of Plant Biology, 505 S. Goodwin Avenue, University of Illinois, Urbana, IL 61801, robertjc((AT))uiuc.edu (RJ). An old and basic ecological principle is stability. Are communities tightly-regulated assemblages, in which individual species maintain constant abundances through time? Alternatively, a neutral perspective would predict that abundances fluctuate randomly. With a network of large tree censuses at a dozen sites in the tropics, we offer empirical tests of these hypotheses. At each site, every individual in at least 16 hectares of forest has been located, identified, and measured at least twice over at least five years. Our approach to analyze these data is Bayesian, using inverse modeling to estimate community-wide distributions of mortality and population fluctuation. All forests are less stable than a neutral prediction - communities change more than they would due to random mortality and recruitment. Most large population changes were declines, rather than increases, and conspicuous declines were caused by drought-induced or fire-induced mortality in several forests. Some large increases and large decreases were associated with disturbance - species which require canopy openings. On the other hand, a substantial number of species in every forest changed very little in abundance PHYLOGEOGRAPHY AND CONSERVATION GENETICS OF THE TROPICAL BRAZILIAN TREE SPECIES Caryocar villosum AND C. microcarpum (CARYOCARACEAE). Collevatti, Rosane G.; Gribel, Rogerio; Leite, Sue A. A.; LEOI, LELIA C.T. Pós-Graduação em Biotecnologia Genômica, Universidade Católica de Brasília, Brasília, DF, 70.790-160, Brazil, rosanegc((AT))pos.ucb.br. Instituto Nacional de Pesquisas na Amazônia, INPA, Manaus, AM, 69.011-970, Brazil. Caryocar villosum and C. microcarpum are low density Amazonian emergent tree from "terra-firme" and "igapó" forests, respectively, and threatened because of Amazonian fragmentation. We are interested in study population genetic structure, gene flow and phylogeography of tropical tree species to generate useful information for conservation strategies. We report the phylogeography of C. villosum and C. microcarpum based on the sequencing of a chloroplast non-coding region between trn T and trn F genes, and test the hypothesis that Negro River is a geographic barrier to populations of both species. In C. microcarpum, nine different haplotypes were found among 36 individuals, being seven haplotypes distributed on the right and two on the left margins of the river. Considering C. villosum, the differentiation among 32 individuals distributed on the both margins was not confirmed. Chloroplast based network showed distinct clusters, supporting the hypothesis of a possible geographic barrier for populations of C. microcarpum. Our results indicate that different maternal lineages may have colonized the margins, or differentiation may be due to population isolation after the river basin has attained its current size. However, polymorphism inside the groups tended to be higher than among the groups, indicating some homoplasy in network, probably due to independent mutations CONTEMPORARY GENE FLOW OF Hymenea courbaril IN A FRAGMENTED LANDSCAPE FROM SÃO PAULO STATE, BRAZIL. TOLEDO, RENATO; Kageyama, Paulo. LARGEA, Escola Superior de Agricultura Luiz de Queiroz, Piracicaba, SP, 13400-970, Brazil, rmtoledo((AT)) esalq.usp.br. Conservationist interventions based on general and uniform prescriptions loss effectiveness by being incapable to incorporate the particularities of each ecosystem and the regional characteristics of the human activity. This research intends to develop a methodology that incorporates the spatial evaluation of the contemporary gene flow of plants to the territorial planning of tropical agroecossystems with pasture matrix. We adopted the Jatoba (Hymenea courbaril) as the target umbrella species. Located in the West of São Paulo State (Brazil), the sampling site has 49 km2 that shelters seven subpopulations of Jatoba and four forest patches. We did a census for adult trees and regular sampling of seedlings. We found 359 individuals, all had been georeferencered by GPS and genotyped by SSR. Analyzing three locus of genomic DNA and one of c-DNA, we applied a maternity test, 34 young plants had its mothers identified. The distribution of identified dispersal distances indicates that the isolation for recolonization among subpopulations occurs in distances longer than 1600m. We located 19 habitat patches in this region that would remain in isolation condition, even after the restoration of the protected areas, this work regards the increase of connectivity of these patches as a priority for the regional management planning PREDICTIVE MODELING OF TREE SPECIES OCCURRENCE IN CENTRAL AMAZONIA. STROPP, JULIANA; Venticinque, Eduardo M. Departamento de Ecologia, Instituto Nacional de Pesquisas da Amazonia, Manaus, AM, 69011 Brazil, justropp((AT))inpa.gov.br Wildlife Conservation Society, Andes Amazon Conservation Program, Rua dos Jatobás 274, Coroado III, Manaus, Amazonas, 69085-380, Brazil. Knowledge of the factors structuring plant population distribution can help establish forest management planning. Here we elaborate and validate predictive models of the following tree species occurrence: Aniba rosaeodora, Cariniana micrantha, Caryocar villosum, Dinizia excelsa, Dipteryx odorata, Goupia glabra, Manilkara bidentata, Manilkara huberi, Parkia multijuga, Parkia pendula, Peltogyne paniculata and Pseudopiptadenia psilostachia as a function of topographic variables. The tree data was yielded by Mil Madeireira Itacoatiara Ltda., located at Central Amazonia and topographic information was derived from Shuttle Radar Topographic Mission (SRTM). These 12 tree species had their probability of occurrence estimated from multiple logistic regression. The estimated parameters were incorporated in a GIS and the spatial representation of the occurrence in relation to topography for 10 species. The models correctly estimated the occurrence of nine species. In the plots where the model was suitable, there was an overlap between the observed and estimated distribution for the nine species mentioned before. However, there was a large variation in the accuracy of the model. This study indicated that predictive models of tree species distribution can correctly predict the species occurrence in an area, but extrapolation to larger areas should consider other factors besides topography THE BIODIVERSTIY VALUE OF PRIMARY FORESTS, NATIVE SECOND GROWTH AND EUCALYPTUS PLANTATIONS IN AMAZONIAN BRAZIL. BARLOW, JOS; Overal, William L; Venturieri, Giorgio; Mestre, Luiz; Ferreira, Leandro; Gardner, Toby; Peres, Carlos A. School of Environmental Sciences, University of East Anglia, Norwich, NR4 7TJ, United Kingdom; Museu Parense Emilio Goeldi, Av. Magalhães Barata, 376 - São Braz, CEP: 66040-170, Belém, PA, Brasil; Embrapa Amazônia Oriental, Tv. Dr. Enéas Pinheiro s/n, C.P. 48, Belém, PA, Brasil. Although fast-growing tree plantations and natural second-growth forests are becoming increasingly common land uses across the humid tropics, there is relatively little information on the value of these habitats for biodiversity. We sampled the vegetation and faunal indicator groups in 15 sites located in the Jari region of north eastern Amazonian Brazil. Transects were placed in areas of primary forest, 13-18 year old second-growth (capoeiras) and mature (4-5 year old) Eucalyptus plantations. Although data collection is ongoing, we are able to compare and contrast the responses of three commonly used indicators of habitat perturbation and biodiversity - birds, Nymphalidae butterflies and Euglossine bees. Eucalyptus plantations with a native understorey provided surprisingly good habitats for some species within these groups, and butterfly trapping success was an order of magnit ude higher in Eucalyptus than in the other habitats. However, plantations also held very few species that were also recorded in primary forest, and native second growth forests should be considered the most attractive option for maximising the biodiversity potential for afforestation projects in degraded tropical lands. NO GENETIC STRUCTURE INDICATES HIGH GENE FLOW IN A MAHOGANY (Swietenia macrophylla, MELIACEAE) LOGGED POPULATION IN EASTERN AMAZONIA. ANDRÉ, THIAGO; Lemes, Maristerra R.; Gribel, Rogerio. Lab. de Genética e Biologia Reprodutiva de Plantas (LabGen), Instituto Nacional de Pesquisas da Amazônia (INPA), C.P. 478, Manaus, AM, 69011-970, Brazil, tandre((AT))inpa.gov.br (TA, MRL, RG). Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ecologia - INPA (TA). Due to over exploitation and habitat destruction, mahogany populations are greatly threatened over its distribution. Logging reduces the effective population size and may affect the dynamics of mating between remnant trees. Here we measure the effects of removal of S. macrophylla adult trees on the genetic structure of seedlings established 10 years after logging. Individuals from one generation established previously to the logging (n=55) and one established after (n=51) were randomly collected over 4,100 ha in the Marajoara management project area, Pará State, Brazil. Genotypes were assessed at eight microsatellite loci previously developed for S. macrophylla. Microsatellite analysis was carried in an automatic DNA sequencer (ABI 3 77). A genetic differentiation within a population is induced when gene flow is limited and would be determined as a negative correlation between genetic relatedness and spatial distance. Queller and Goodnight's relatedness and spatial distances were calculated using the SPAGEDI software, and there was no significant correlation between them, both on adult individuals as on seedling's. The absence of genetic structure suggests the existence of long-distance seed dispersal and pollen flow predominantly between non-related individuals. Therefore, expected genetic effects of the current management practices are being counteracted by high gene flow on this population. EXISTING BIOLOGICAL DATA & NEW BIOLOGICAL SURVEYS, WITH EMPHASIS ON TREES. ALBERNAZ, ANA LUISA; Moreira, Marcelo; Ramos, José; Assunção, Paulo; Franciscon, Carlos H. Coordenação de Ciências da Terra e Ecologia, Museu Paraense Emilio Goeldi, Belém, PA, 66077-530, Brazil (anakma((AT))museu-goeldi.br). Projeto Dinâmica de Fragmentos Florestais, Manaus, 69011-970, Brazil (MM, PA). Coordenação de Pesquisas em Botânica, Instituto Nacional de Pesquisas da Amazônia, Manaus, 69011-970, Brazil (JR, CHF). Although várzeas are probably the most easily accessed forests in the Brazilian Amazon, until recently the knowledge on its species distribution was extremely restricted spatially. These data were insufficient to support any of the previous divisions proposed to be used in conservation planning for the Brazilian várzea. We present the results of a study conducted along the ca. 3000 km of extension of Solimões-Amazonas Rivers, from Tabatinga to Santana. We will emphasize results of the survey on trees, because for them the presence of a species does not change seasonally, as happens for most of the other groups living in varzeas. 73 samples were taken in groups of 2-3 along 26 stops, totalizing 11938 individuals. Samples were taken when possible in high restingas. Community patterns were obtained by or dination, which revealed the existence of three main groups of communities: (1) Tabatinga- Manaus; (2) Manaus-Almeirim, and (3) Almeirim to the ocean. The region Manaus-Almeirim was grouped together due to the dominance of species adapted to altered environments, but has different species of narrow distribution in its different parts. So, for conservation purposes, we suggest to split this region in Santarém and to include parts of these four regions as targets. POPULATIONAL GENETIC STRUCTURE OF Manilkara huberi (DUCKE) A.CHEV., A HEAVILY LOGGED AMAZONIAN TIMBER SPECIES. AZEVEDO, VANIA C. R.; Ciampi, Ana Y.; Kanashiro, Milton. Programa de Pós-graduação em Biologia Molecular, Departamento de Biologia Celular, Instituto de Biologia, Universidade de Brasília, Brasília, DF, Brasil. azevedovcr((AT))unb.br (VCRA). Embrapa Recursos Genéticos e Biotecnologia, PqEB final W5 norte, CEP 70770-900 Brasília DF, Brasil (VCRA, AYC). Projeto Dendrogene, Embrapa Amazônia Oriental, Belém, PA Brasil (MK). Molecular markers have been increasingly used to gain understanding of population genetic structure, to quantify the effects of habitat fragmentation and guide conservation strategies. This research, part of the Dendrogene Project (www·cpatu·embrapa·br/ dendro/ index. htm), aims to study the genetic diversity and population genetic structure of a natural population of Manilkara huberi, known as maçaranduba, using microsatellite markers to identify possible logging impacts as input for the design of conservation strategies. This species is intensively harvested due to its suitability for the construction industry. Three hundred adult trees and nine hundred seedlings were sampled in a two hundred hectare plot at the Tapajós National Forest, Pará, Brazil. All individuals were genotyped using an automatic sequencer ABI 377 with seven highly polymorphic microsatellite loci. The following estimates were obtained for adults and seedlings: observed heterozygosity (Ho) 0,71 and 0,63; genetic diversity (He) 0,86 and 0,82; fixation index (f) 0,17 and 0,23. All the estimates are significant (CI 95%). The adult population shows significant spatial genetic structure. This results show that this species is endogamic and will be very useful as a tool, together with more genetic studies that are been conducted, to help design strategies for forest management to meet production and conservation goals. ASSESSING THE IMPACT OF FRAGMENTATION OF Araucaria angustifolia FOREST (BRAZIL) IN LANDSCAPE, BIODIVERSITY AND GENETIC LEVELS. BITTENCOURT, JULIANA V. M.; Higa, Antonio R.; Griffths, Geoffrey H. The University of Reading, Department of Geography, Reading, RG6 7AB, UK, sgr02jvb((AT))reading.ac.uk (JVMB, GHG). Federal University of Paraná, Forest School, Av. Lothario Meissner, 3400, 80210-170, Curitiba, PR, Brazil (ARH). Araucaria forest is one of the most important biomes occurring naturally in southern Brazil. The extensive logging and agricultural expansion of the last decades have resulted in significant fragmentation of the forest cover. The objective of this study is to assess population level genetic structure and dynamics of the Araucaria angustifolia in remnant patches, with different levels of human modification. Landscape ecology principles in combination with information on genetic structure and composition of sampled A. angustifolia forest, are being used to improve our understanding of the impact of fragmentation and to guide policies for habitat protection and restoration. Temporal analysis of Landsat satellite imagery (1977 and 2003) has shown that the plots studied were originally connected and that the landscape was a matrix of forest interspersed with patches of agricultural land. By the later date in 2002 the opposite was evident, with small patches of forest within a matrix of agricultural land. The effects of selective logging and fragmentation and its longer-term consequences are a priority for the development of effective conservation policies. 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